1. Dead Fish and Dying Moose, Could a Serial Killer be on the Loose? An Overview of Population Perturbations and the Environmental Distribution of Atrazine A. Kirk Smith, Ph.D. George Mason Univ.

2. Population Disturbances Possibly Linked to Environmental Causes Significant Fish Kill Incidents in the Mid- Atlantic Region Declining North American moose populations in most states bordering Canada Colony Collapse Disorder of Honey Bees Occurances of endocrine disruption in several animal species

3. Atrazine and Degradates http://www.kgs.ku.edu/Publications/Bulletins/GW12/gifs/figA1.gif

4. Integr. Comp. Biol. April 1, 2005vol. 45 no. 2 321-329 Intracellular Mode of Action Inhibits Phosphodiesterase Increasing cAMP Abundant cAMP activates the aromatase gene CYP19 (present in all chordates) Increased aromatase activity promotes estrogen production via conversion of testosterone to estrogen

5. Atrazine Toxicity Numerous published scientific studies have shown atrazine to be associated with: Endocrine disruption Testicular oocytes (TO) Elevated vitellogenin (Vtg) in some fish, while depressed Vtg in certain female fish Immunosuppression Developmental disorders

6. Mid-Atlantic Atrazine http://md.water.usgs.gov/publications/wrir-97-4280/fig4.jpg http://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/pnsp/usage/maps/show_map.php?year=2011&map=ATRAZINE&hil o=L&disp=Atrazine

7. Properties of Interest AtrazinePhysical/Chemical Properties Water solubility33 mg/L (pH 7, 25°C) --slightly to moderately soluble Vapor Pressure2.89 x 10 -7 mmHg (25°C) --not very volatile Henry's Law Constant2.48 x 10 -9 atm m 3 /mol K ow 479 (25°C) --Strong tendency to partition into organics vs. water KdKd ??????? This is site/time specific. Due to unhumified animal waste (poultry is the worst), this value may prove to be alarming. K oc (average)170.68 --Strong tendency to partition into soil organics vs. water Density1.187 g/cm 3 (20°C) Half life3 days to 5 years (most stable in fresh water) https://rucore.libraries.rutgers.edu/rutgers-lib/23396/pdf/1/

8. Aqueous Deposition Fate

9. Dynamic Concentration http://www.nptel.ac.in/courses/112104118/lecture-31/31-3_mechanics.htm Reynolds Number Where:v = velocity of fluid D = Diameter of rock ρ = fluid density η = fluid viscosity http://www.pagepressjournals.org/index.php/vl/rt/printerFriendly/Hemodynamics.2013.1/1181

10. February http://www.columbia.edu/~vjd1/streams_basic.htm Species Sensitivity

11. February March http://www.columbia.edu/~vjd1/streams_basic.htm Species Sensitivity

12. February March April http://www.columbia.edu/~vjd1/streams_basic.htm Species Sensitivity

13. Carrying Capacity

14. Source Locations of MN Atrazine Colby Lake, MNMoose Lake, MN

15. More “J” Shaped for Moose

16. Proposed Future Considerations Examine long term environmental fate of atrazine Increase monitoring of environmental components—air, water, wildlife, ag. Avoid the “sniper effect” with better transparency/coordination between agencies Develop better bioassay protocols for persistent chemicals Incorporate/develop better statistical tools

17. Acknowledgments V. Blazer, USGS N. DeCesare, MT F,W&P G. DelGiudice, MNDNR N. Garrison, JMU K. Lee, USGS J. Odenkirk, VA DGIF S. Reeser, VA DGIF K. Rines, NH F&G