1. THE FUTURE OF GIS Chapter 11

2. GIS Futures Future data Future hardware Future software Future issues

3. Theme of the book GIS's place in understanding geographic distributions and their mapping and prediction in the real world. So what does the future hold for GIS?

4. Compared to 10 years ago: Acquiring data for a new GIS is no longer a major problem. GPS has become a major sources of new GIS data, and comes increasingly from integrated GPS/GIS systems. Digital map images such as scanned maps and air photos are often used as a background image for cross-layer registration and update.

5. Trends in GIS Data Remote sensing will become an important source of GIS data as the cost of data falls and new sorts of data arrive. Data exchange will become more common and has been facilitated by exchange standards. Data have become highly distributed.

6. GIS Improvements Improvements in the user interface have substantially altered GIS "look and feel." Basic data differences such as raster vs. vector have disappeared as GISs have become more flexible. Object-oriented programming and databases are likely to improve GIS. GIS software is now easier to install and maintain.

7. GIS Trends Many GIS databases are now distributed over local or wide area networks. Multimedia and hypermedia play a growing role in GIS, especially in help and training systems. Location-based service are here and now. The GRID

8. Desktop mapping

9. In-Vehicle Navigation Systems

10. GIS/GPS Integration

11. The Trend: Shrinking GIS

12. Location-awareness Environment sends signal to mobile system recording location System reacts according to geographic position Many web-equivalents (browser sort by distance, connection) System can be active or passive e.g. Talking signs

13. Location-based web search

14. Consequences of Location- awareness Navigation assistance in real time Real time analysis and adaptive sampling Real human agents: “lifelines” (Huisman and Forer, 1998; students in Auckland)

15. The four hardware revolutions WorkstationMicrocomputerNetworkMobility

16. The Web: Beyond data, metadata, toward information Geographic web-searching

17. Ubiquitous GIS Computing will be ubiquitous (everywhere), distributed, mobile and on-demand

18. Cyberinfrastructure aka Grid computing NSF Vision for next era of computing “ integrated suite of computational engines, mass storage, networks, digital libraries and databases, sensors, software and services ” (NSF, 2003). “ integrated suite of computational engines, mass storage, networks, digital libraries and databases, sensors, software and services ” (NSF, 2003). Can include human users and the user interface NSF (2003) Revolutionizing Science and Engineering Through Cyberinfrastructure: Report of the National Science Foundation Blue-Ribbon Advisory Panel on Cyberinfrastructure: Atkins report.

19. UCSB Prototype Wearable Computer

20. UCSB Battuta project

21. Computer vision for hand gesture recognition Mathias Kolsch: CS graduate student head-mounted display head-mounted camera for more info, contact matz@cs.ucsb.edu

22. Hand detection - even in cluttered scenes

23. Hand tracking - despite rapid movements and changing backgrounds

24. Gesture Recognition - distinction of discrete hand postures

25. Wearable GIS Success of Location-based services industry will lead to more wearable systems Special purpose demands are already using wearable systems with GPS (Military, Emergency Management, Police, etc.) Low cost wearables now available (e.g. Xybernaut Poma) Likely to remove the gap between map use and field navigation

26. Wearable computers come of age

27. Xybernaut Poma

28. Implications for GIS Changes the “where” of computing New opportunity for integrating analysis Places changed emphasis on the UI, especially in navigation. WIMP fails Changes the nature of map display Closer to Location-based services industry Many more applications

29. Future Software Scientific visualization tools Automated vision tools Fourth dimension Spatial analysis tools (e.g. S+) Beyond the WIMP Desktop Hyperinteractivity Multisensory input Multisensory input Multisensory output Multisensory output

30. Future Environments VRML

31. Evolving metaphors Extending the GUI Magic Cap Magic Cap Geographers Desktop Geographers Desktop

32. Hyper-interactivity Input Touch TouchGlovesSensors Sight Sight Vision tracking Cameras GIS as clothing GIS via the Web Moving Moving Static Static

33. Future GISs Scientific visualization and computer graphics will be increasingly integrated with GIS capabilities Animated maps Interactive maps Augmented reality (a technology that superimposes a computer- generated image on a user's view of the real world, thus providing a composite view)

34. Future issues u New users u Privacy u Data ownership u GI Science & Technology

35. New user communities Archeology (is the study of human activity through the recovery and analysis of material culture) Epidemiology (Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations) Law K-12 Education …

36. Data ownership Two philosophies Federal government produces digital data at the public ’ s expense. Data should be free or nearly free Federal government produces digital data at the public ’ s expense. Data should be free or nearly free Data are protected by copyright and patent. Demands motivate production. Data are protected by copyright and patent. Demands motivate production. What data sources? Federal government – low costs, low accuracy Federal government – low costs, low accuracy Private companies – high costs, high accuracy Private companies – high costs, high accuracy

37. GIS R & D GIS user needs are both for small one- person systems and large multiperson systems. GIS software research is active and continues to build new developments. GIS will become increasingly interoperable as concepts, user interfaces, and functions become more standardized.

38. Future Issues Privacy will become a critical issue for GIS as use expands to legal applications. Data ownership will remain critical to GIS, with a delicate balance between public and private GIS data. GIS research is threatened by a lack of funding and should be protected by the GIS community.

39. GIS education Has not been standardized, but has produced a great variety of learning environments and teaching materials. NCGIA Core Curricula

40. A GIS is already more than a system What in the world is a "GIS"? — Item on the Internet's comp.infosystems.gis FAQ. geographic(al) information system : (1) A set of computer tools for analyzing spatial data: (2) A special case of an information system designed for spatial data: (3) An approach to the scientific analysis and use of spatial data: (4) A multibillion dollar business.

41. GIS is an approach to science "the generic issues that surround the use of GIS technology, impede (delay) its successful implementation, or emerge from an understanding of its potential capabilities." (Goodchild, 1992) FGeographic Information Science is research both on and with GIS.

42. “Computing is not about computers any more. It is about living.” Nicholas Negroponte, Founding Director of MIT’s Media Lab. Being Digital (1995), p. 6.