1. Word classes categories of words categorised depending on meaning, function and how they are formed can be found in dictionaries nine word classes in English

2. Open classes Nouns Verbs Adjectives Adverbs

3. Closed classes Pronouns Prepositions Numerals Conjunctions Interjections Words not included in any of the classes: the, a/an, to (see)

4. Nouns define people, animals, things/substances, events, ideas, feelings Three types of nouns Proper names (Per, Falun, IKEA, Arsenal) Countables (woman, dog, party, idea) Uncountables (gold, milk, freedom, anger, kindness)

5. Countables singular or plural form can be counted can be used with the indefinite article (a/an)

6. Uncountables only have singular form cannot be counted cannot have ‘a/an’ most nouns can be used with the definite article (the)

7. Verbs express actions/states (run, speak, think) main verbs (speak, write, listen, read) auxiliary verbs (can, must, should)

8. Main verbs can be –regular (talk, walk, listen) or –irregular (go, speak, run) All main verbs can be used with ’to’

9. Adjectives used together with nouns and pronouns describe characteristic, quality or nationality of nouns/pronouns examples: a black cat, a bad apple, she is nice many can be compared: old-older-oldest

10. Adverbs Give information about: time (when?)now, never, always space (where?)there, here manner (how?)quickly, politely, well

11. Pronouns meaning = instead of noun personal (I, she, they, it) possessive (her, their, mine) relative (who, which, that) interrogative (which? what? who?) quantifying (much, many, nobody)

12. Prepositions (mostly) short words before nouns: e.g. in/to/from London; on/under/behind the chair also used after many verbs and adjectives: Examples: talk about, agree with, interested in, proud of

13. Numerals Two types: cardinals (one, six, 50 000) ordinals (first, seventh, 21 st, July 4)