2. 1

3. 2 Terminal Learning Objective Interpret flight instruments indications needed to maintain aircraft attitude during IFR flight.

4. 3 Attitude Instrument Flying Control of an aircraft’s spatial position by using instruments rather than outside visual references. Proper instrument interpretation is the basis for helicopter control. Know how a particular instrument functions so you can translate that information into a control response.

5. 4 VMC (Visual reference Points)

6. 5 Uh-Oh! IMC (Flight Instruments) Proper Instrument Interpretation is the Basis for Aircraft Control REQUIRES SKILL !!!

7. 6 Three Fundamental Skills Cross Checking Instrument Interpretation Aircraft Control

8. 7 Scanning and monitoring two or more instruments to determine the attitude and performance of the aircraft. Cross Checking

9. 8 Six Basic Flight Instruments Attitude indicator Altimeter Airspeed indicator HSI VSI Turn and Slip

10. 9 Scan: The instruments included in the scan are dependent upon the maneuver performed. Scan: The instruments included in the scan are dependent upon the maneuver performed. Practice !!!!! Practice !!!!! Three Fundamental Skills

11. 10

12. 11

13. 12 Cross Check Errors: Fixation: Staring at one instrument too long. Three Fundamental Skills Omission: Inadvertently omitting an instrument from the cross check. Emphasis: concentrating too heavily on one or two instruments during the cross check.

14. 13 Primary Instruments Supporting Instruments INSTRUMENT INTERPRETATION

15. 14 Basic flight Instruments Direct indicating instruments Attitude Indicator Indirect indicating instruments Vertical Speed Indicator Altimeter Airspeed Indicator Heading Indicator Torque meter

16. 15

17. 16 Attitude of the aircraft + Power = Performance

18. 17 Control Instruments Attitude Indicator Torquemeter Gauge

19. 18 Performance Instruments Altitude: Altimeter Vertical Speed Indicator Airspeed: Airspeed Indicator Direction: HSI/RMI Turn and Slip

20. 19 Longitudinal Axis (Bank / Roll) Lateral Axis (Pitch) Vertical Axis (Yaw) PITCH PITCH The angular relationship of the longitudinal axis to the natural horizon. The aircraft’s attitude rotates around the lateral axis.

21. 20 Provides Simultaneous Pitch & Bank indications Supporting instrument for pitch attitude Direct indication of aircraft pitch attitude

22. 21 10° Nose Up/Down HorizonHorizon Miniature aircraft 5° Nose Up/Down

23. 22 PITCH INDICATIONS

24. 23 PITCH INDICATIONS

25. 24 Primary pitch attitude instrument. Indicates height above MSL.. Calibrated to convert atmospheric pressure to an altitude indication

26. 25 299 298

27. 26 299 298

28. 27 CHECKED PRIOR TO EACH IFR FLIGHT MUST BE WITHIN +/- 70 FEET OF FIELD ELEVATION WHEN SET TO AIRFIELD BAROMETRIC PRESSURE Reference – FM 3-04.240 paragraph 1-10, page 1-4

29. 28 299 298 Set Altimeter to Field Elevation Before Engine Start

30. 29 299 298 KOLLSMAN WINDOW Reads 29.85 in HG

31. 30 299 298 Altimeter error with Kollsman window set to 29.85” and field altimeter setting from ATIS 29.90. (Rotors turning) 29.90 - 29.85 29.90 - 29.85 = 0.05 = 0.05 ( 50 feet error) ( 50 feet error) 299 298 Now set 29.90

32. 31 Indicates Climb/Descent in Feet Per Minute VSI - has 6 - 9 sec lag *IVSI no lag but affected by turbulence Supporting Pitch

33. 32 500 FPM Climb 500 FPM Descent 1000 FPM Climb

34. 33 Supporting Pitch attitude instrument level flight Indirect pitch indicator Nose high Climbing Decelerating Nose low Descending Accelerating

35. 34 Longitudinal Axis (Bank / Roll) Angular relationship of the lateral axis to the horizon. Aircraft rotates around the longitudinal axis. Bank Attitude

36. 35

37. 36 RIGHT TURN

38. 37 NOSE HIGH LEFT TURN NOSE HIGH LEFT TURN

39. 38 Indirect Indicating Instruments used in Controlling Bank Attitude Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI) Radio Magnetic Indicator (RMI) Magnetic Compass Turn and Slip Indicator

40. 39 Indications in a LEFT turn RMI HSI

41. 40 Indications in a Right turn RMI HSI

42. 41 Turn Left to heading 330° Turn Right to heading 030°. Magnetic Compass

43. 42 Types of Turns Standard rate Half standard rate Steep turns

44. 43 RIGHT TURN 12 - 15 degrees @ 90 KTs = 3°/second

45. 44 LEFT TURN 12 - 15 degrees @ 90 KTs = 3°/sec

46. 45 2 MIN TURN

47. 46 Bank angle 12° to 15°Bank angle 12° to 15° Turn rate 3° per secondTurn rate 3° per second Used for heading changes of 20° or more.Used for heading changes of 20° or more. 2 MIN TURN

48. 47 Standard Rate 2 MIN TURN

49. 48

50. 49 Bank angle 6° to 7 1/2 °Bank angle 6° to 7 1/2 ° Turn rate 1 1/2 ° per secondTurn rate 1 1/2 ° per second Used for heading changes of less than 20°.Used for heading changes of less than 20°. 2 MIN TURN

51. 50 1/2 Standard Rate 2 MIN TURN

52. 51 Bank angle greater than that required for standard rate turn.Bank angle greater than that required for standard rate turn. Turn rate more than 3° per second.Turn rate more than 3° per second. Used for skill training, not advisable in IMCUsed for skill training, not advisable in IMC

53. 52 STEEP TURN 2 MIN TURN

54. 53 30° Bank Unusual attitude 45° Bank Scary! Scary! 60° Bank Pink slip!! Kids, don’t try this in a TH 67

55. 54 Yaw Attitude Movement about the vertical axis Controlled by the pedals Trim – quality of the turn

56. 55 Vertical Axis (Yaw)

57. 56 SLIPPING Right Turn - trim ball to INSIDE of turn. SKIDDING Right Turn - trim ball to OUTSIDE of turn. 2 MIN TURN

58. 57 Nose to outside of turn requires angle of bank greater than normal to produce standard rate turn. 2 MIN TURN

59. 58 Nose to inside of turn requires angle of bank less than normal to produce standard rate turn. 2 MIN TURN

60. 59 Effects of Power on Helicopter Control

61. 60 WHEN FLYING BY INSTRUMENTS, THE ATTITUDE OF THE AIRCRAFT AND POWER REQUIRED TO PERFORM DESIRED MANEUVERS ARE DETERMINED BY INTERPRETING AND UNDERSTANDING THE INFORMATION DISPLAYED BY THE INSTRUMENTS.

62. 61 Climb Airspeeds 80% Torque A/S 80 Kts. 80% Torque A/S 80 Kts. Cruise Cruise 65% torque A/S 90 kts Decent Decent 50% Torque or 15% below cruise.

63. 62 Increase Power:Increase Power: Nose will go above the horizon (Pitch UP)Nose will go above the horizon (Pitch UP) Decrease PowerDecrease Power Nose will go below the horizon (Pitch DOWN)Nose will go below the horizon (Pitch DOWN)

64. 63 Lift vector shifts horizontally with angle of bank changes, requiring power adjustment to maintain airspeed and altitude.Lift vector shifts horizontally with angle of bank changes, requiring power adjustment to maintain airspeed and altitude.

65. 64 Power Increase:Power Increase: Aircraft yaws right requiring left pedal input to compensateAircraft yaws right requiring left pedal input to compensate Power Decrease:Power Decrease: Aircraft yaws left requiring right pedal input to compensateAircraft yaws left requiring right pedal input to compensate

66. 65 Effects of power changes on pitch and yaw attitude. Right Yaw Pitch Up

67. 66 Effects of power changes on pitch and yaw attitude. Left Yaw Pitch Down

68. 67 Instrument Indications While Increasing Power Primary pitch, Supporting bank - Entry Supporting pitch, bank - Stabilized Supporting bank 2 MIN TURN

69. 68 Instrument Indications While Decreasing Power Primary pitch, Supporting bank - Entry Supporting pitch, bank - Stabilized Supporting bank 2 MIN TURN

70. 69 Within 1000’ of assigned altitude:Within 1000’ of assigned altitude: Climb/descend not less than 500 fpm minimum and not more than 1500 fpm maximum.Climb/descend not less than 500 fpm minimum and not more than 1500 fpm maximum. TH-67 maximum rate of climb/descent is 1000 fpmTH-67 maximum rate of climb/descent is 1000 fpm

71. 70

72. 71 AttitudeProblem 2 MIN TURN

73. 72 BadAttitude 2 MIN TURN

74. 73 All indications steady, but right bank required to maintain heading and airspeed is slow at 90 knot attitude 2 MIN TURN

75. 74 Turbulence BadAttitude 2 MIN TURN

76. 75 Questions?

77. 76 Check on Learning What are the two elements of helicopter control? –The attitude of the helicopter and the power applied What rate of turn is used for heading changes greater than 20°? –Standard rate What are the characteristics of a standard rate turn? –Bank angle 12-15 degrees –Turn rate 3 degrees per second

78. 77 Check on Learning What is the only instrument providing information for yaw control? –The ball in the turn and slip indicator What three instruments are used to interpret the banking attitude of the helicopter? –Attitude indicator –HSI –Turn and slip

79. 78 Summary Principles of attitude instrument flight. Primary and secondary instruments How to control attitude in the pitch, bank, & yaw movements of the helicopter. This will prepare the student aviator for practical application and skill development in the simulator and helicopter.

80. 79

81. 80 Be back in place before altimeter reaches zero.