2. THUNDERSTORMS, LIGHTNING and TORNADOES pcooke 5/10/03

3. Thunderstorm Frequency Average Days of Thunderstorms per Year

4. Thunderstorm Frequency 1500 to 2000 thunderstorms occur around the world at any given moment

5. FORMATION OF A CUMULONIMBUS Thunderstorms are created when large parcels of warm, moist air rise into cooler air A cold front or convection typically causes the warm air to rise and water vapor to condense. All thunderstorms have 3 stages:

6. Ordinary Thunderstorms Ordinary thunderstorms are not associated with fronts or severe weather….they typically form on hot, humid afternoons due to convection Ordinary thunderstorms are not associated with fronts or severe weather….they typically form on hot, humid afternoons due to convection These storms are like mini-heat engines…they need warm, moist air to keep them alive…if that supply is cut off, the storm dies :( These storms are like mini-heat engines…they need warm, moist air to keep them alive…if that supply is cut off, the storm dies :( TS Video TS Video TS Video TS Video

7. Life cycle of an ordinary thunderstorm Cumulus stage Mature stage Dissipating stage

8. Cumulus Stage As a cumulus cloud builds, water vapor condenses and releases heat which keeps the rising air inside the cloud warmer than environment. At this point, there is no time for precipitation to fall because updrafts (which may reach 100mph!!) keep water droplets and ice crystals suspended within the cloud The building cumulus takes on the appearance of a ‘tower’

9. Mature Stage As the cloud builds higher than the freezing level, cloud droplets grow. Eventually, the rising air can no longer keep the particles suspended and they begin to fall. grow. Eventually, the rising air can no longer keep the particles suspended and they begin to fall. Some raindrops evaporate on the way down, which cools the air. The cooler air begins to descend as a downdraft. The appearance of the downdraft marks the beginning of the mature stage.

10. Mature Thunderstorms Large, mature thunderstorms can… Produce precipitation at astonishing rates, up to 14 inches/hr. This causes local flooding. Produce precipitation at astonishing rates, up to 14 inches/hr. This causes local flooding. Create hailstones as large as grapefruits! Ouch! Create hailstones as large as grapefruits! Ouch! Generate tremendous electrical power and intense lightning. Generate tremendous electrical power and intense lightning. Produce tornadoes with devastating swirling winds Produce tornadoes with devastating swirling winds

11. Thunderstorm Structure updraft

12. Dissipating Stage Occurs when updrafts weaken and downdrafts dominate throughout much of the cloud. The reason ordinary T-storms do not last very long is the downdrafts cut off the storm’s fuel supply by destroying the humid updrafts. T-storms produce summer rainfall for a large portion of the US, and provide momentary cooling during a hot day. TS Formation

13. Severe and Supercell Thunderstorms

14. Severe Thunderstorms If convection is strong and updrafts are intense, the storm can become severe. If convection is strong and updrafts are intense, the storm can become severe. Updrafts in severe thunderstorms can cause the cloud to reach into the stratosphere and in some cases extend up to 60,000 ft. Updrafts in severe thunderstorms can cause the cloud to reach into the stratosphere and in some cases extend up to 60,000 ft. These storms contain lightning, thunder, gusty winds, and hail These storms contain lightning, thunder, gusty winds, and hail

15. Severe Thunderstorms Strong updrafts can keep hailstones suspended in the cloud long enough for them to grow to immense sizes! Strong updrafts can keep hailstones suspended in the cloud long enough for them to grow to immense sizes! Once they become large enough they either fall out the bottom of the cloud within a downdraft or a strong updraft may toss them out the side. Once they become large enough they either fall out the bottom of the cloud within a downdraft or a strong updraft may toss them out the side. Aircraft have encountered hail in clear air several miles away from a storm. Aircraft have encountered hail in clear air several miles away from a storm. Severe TS Severe TS Severe TS Severe TS

16. The Supercell Thunderstorm When winds become stronger aloft, it causes the entire storm to rotate... When winds become stronger aloft, it causes the entire storm to rotate... …and the thunderstorm may grow into a larger, long-lasting (longer than an hour), severe storm called a Supercell. …and the thunderstorm may grow into a larger, long-lasting (longer than an hour), severe storm called a Supercell. The rotation of supercells can lead to the formation of tornadoes. The rotation of supercells can lead to the formation of tornadoes. Supercells Supercells Supercells

17. Rotating wall cloud Extreme Low pressure inside the Supercell causes a lowering of the cloud base, called a Wall Cloud.

18. A wall cloud associated with a supercell thunderstorm spins counterclockwise

19. The first sign the supercell may form a tornado is the formation of a wall cloud. Supercell Miami Tornado

20. Fig. 10-4, p. 268 A supercell thunderstorm with a tornado sweeps over Texas

21. Fig. 10-11, p. 271 A dramatic example of a shelf cloud (or arcus cloud) associated with an intense thunderstorm

22. Mammatus clouds out ahead of a thunderstorm

23. Abrupt changes from moist to dry air, called drylines, form in western TX, OK, and KS in the spring and summer. Abrupt changes from moist to dry air, called drylines, form in western TX, OK, and KS in the spring and summer. The diagram illustrates how cool “cP” air pushes hot and dry “cT” air over the warm moist “mT” air. This mixing of different air masses can create supercell storms. Conditions for Supercells

24. Lightning and Thunder

25. Lightning may take place within a cloud, from cloud to cloud, from a cloud to surrounding air, from cloud to ground, or from ground to cloud….only 20% strike the ground within a cloud to cloudground to cloudwithin a cloud to cloudground to cloud

26. Ball Lightning

27. A lightning stroke can heat the air to 30,000°C !!! This extreme heating causes the air to expand explosively, initiating a booming sound wave– called thunder.

28. Lightning occurs when positive and negative charges build up in different regions of a cumulonimbuscloud or between the cloud and ground. Lightning occurs when positive and negative charges build up in different regions of a cumulonimbus cloud or between the cloud and ground.

29. Fig. 10-21, p. 279 The top of the cloud becomes positively charged.The bottom of the cloud becomes negatively charged The top of the cloud becomes positively charged. The bottom of the cloud becomes negatively charged

31. The lightning stroke can travel in a number of directions WNotice that the cloud-to-ground lightning can travel out away from the cloud, then turn downward, striking the ground many miles from the thunderstorm.

32. A cloud-to-ground lightning flash hitting a 65-foot sycamore tree. It should be apparent why one should not seek shelter under a tree during a thunderstorm. It should be apparent why one should not seek shelter under a tree during a thunderstorm.

33. 6000 strikes per minute worldwide! Lightning is responsible for more deaths annually than tornadoes and hurricanes combined. It causes fires and is often responsible for urban blackouts Florida has the most in the US. Why? Florida has the most in the US. Why?

34. The 4 marks on the road represent areas where lightning, after striking a car, entered the roadway through the tires.The 4 marks on the road represent areas where lightning, after striking a car, entered the roadway through the tires. Lightning flattened 3 of the car’s tires and damaged the radio antenna.Lightning flattened 3 of the car’s tires and damaged the radio antenna. The driver and a 6 year-old were taken to a nearby hospital, treated for shock, and released.The driver and a 6 year-old were taken to a nearby hospital, treated for shock, and released.

35. Tornadoes

36. A tornado is a rapidly rotating column of air which rotates around a small area of intense low pressure and reaches the ground A tornado is a rapidly rotating column of air which rotates around a small area of intense low pressure and reaches the ground A funnel cloud, is a tornado which has not reached the ground. A funnel cloud, is a tornado which has not reached the ground. Sometimes called twisters or cyclones, tornadoes can assume a variety of shapes and forms which range from….. Sometimes called twisters or cyclones, tornadoes can assume a variety of shapes and forms which range from…..

37. Twisting-rope tornadoes….ooooh!!

38. To Cylindrical Shaped Tornadoes….aaahhhh!!

39. Tornadoes A majority of North American tornadoes rotate counterclockwise about a central area of low pressure. A majority of North American tornadoes rotate counterclockwise about a central area of low pressure. The width of most tornadoes is between 300-2000 ft., but some are only….. The width of most tornadoes is between 300-2000 ft., but some are only…..

40. …while others….. 10 feet wide… Aww how cute

41. …have diameters exceeding 1 mile!....

42. Like the Waco, TX Tornado of 1971….whoa!!!

43. The Fujita Scale Winds in tornadoes are very destructive….yah, no kidding…. Winds in tornadoes are very destructive….yah, no kidding…. Most have winds which are 150mph or less, but the most powerful have winds up to 300mph! Most have winds which are 150mph or less, but the most powerful have winds up to 300mph!

44. On May 3, 1999 a total of 66 tornadoes touched down across the state of Oklahoma

45. It was the most prolific tornado outbreak in Oklahoma history

46. 48 people perished during the outbreak

47. Hardest hit was Bridge Creek, Oklahoma….

48. ….where an F5 Tornado first touched down…. before moving on to before moving on to …..

49. …Moore, Oklahoma where winds of 301mph were recorded 36 of the 48 people who died during the outbreak that day, perished in this tornado

50. Total destruction caused by an F5 tornado, which struck Moore, Oklahoma on May 3, 1999. Moore, OK Twister

51. Fig. 10-32, p. 288 Tornadoes occur most often in the central, Southeastern, and Midwestern parts of the U.S.

52. Fig. 10-28, p. 285 Tornado Incidence by State Number of tornadoes reported by each state during a 25-year period, and the average annual number of tornadoes per 10,000 square miles.

53. Fig. 10-31, p. 287 Tornadoes are composed of multiple vortices Below is a powerful multi-vortex tornado with 3 suction vortices.

54. Fig. 10-29, p. 285 Average number of tornadoes during each month in the United States

55. Table 10-1, p. 287

56. Features associated with a tornado-breeding supercell thunderstorm

57. Fig. 10-38, p. 291

58. Fig. 10-36, p. 290 A tornado-spawning supercell thunderstorm. A hook echo in its rainfall pattern on a Doppler radar screen. The colors red and orange represent the heaviest precipitation.

59. Graduate students from the University of Oklahoma use a portable Doppler radar to probe a tornado near Hodges, Oklahoma.

60. Fig. 10-39, p. 292 Video

61. Figure 3, p. 295