1. Wide Field Scanning K. Morishima Nagoya University

2. Aim Speed up of CS scanning Method ・ wide field optics ・ enlarge grains + swell emulsion

3. test optics F.O.V = 154 x 115 micron 2 pixel scale x = 0.30 micron/pixel Y = 0.24 micron/pixel F.O.V = 317 x 240 micron 2 pixel scale x = 0.62 micron/pixel Y = 0.50 micron/pixel standard wide field Tiyoda x50 oil immersion lens (N.A. = 0.85, WD = 1.2mm) Nikon CFI Plan x50 oil immersion plane lens (N.A. = 0.90, WD = 0.4mm) + x0.5 tube lens (for format conversion) (Nikon) + x0.7 relay lens (Tiyoda) sensor size ½ inch

4. scanning test sample (double refresh exposed cosmic@ Gran Sasso CS facility) cut 1. In water to remove glicelin 2. gold deposit development for enlarging grains by Kubota 3. swell emulsion by Naganawa reference 30mm92.5mm 50mm Normal Development film @ GS

5. picture1 ( normal ) Thickness = 40 micron

6. picture2 ( enlarged ) ( gold deposit development ) Thickness = 60 micron

7. close up grain 0.3 x 0.3 square micrometer S-UTS,UTS pixel size is about 0.3 micron On a focal plane 0.5 micron0.8 micron

8. focal depth of enlarged grain Grain size is larger, focal depth of grain is lager Swell emulsion The number of grains increases on a focal plane Back ground tracks increases

9. Relation between focal depth and grain size normal enlarged enlarged + swelled grain focal plane focal depth of grain

10. difference of film normal enlargedratio grain size (micron)5.08.0(x1.6) F.D. ( / 1000mic 3 )4.3+-0.44.6+-0.3(~x1) thickness (micron)4060(x1.5)

11. Scanning test normal 30mm92.5mm 50mm enlarged + swelled 1.Pick up prediction tracks (pl3-pl4-pl6) 2.Search pl5 for microtracks window : dx,dy < +-10micron dthx,dthy < +-100mrad pl3 4 5 6 Exist or not Pl 05 optics emulsion A. Standard – normal B. Wide field – normal C. Wide field – enlarged + swelled Scan area : 1cm 2

12. A. UTS standard optics + normal film Bg : /(100x100mic2)x/(100x100/mrad2)

13. A. micro track angular resolution X Y 14 mrad 13 mrad

14. B. Wide Field + normal film Bg : /(100x100mic2)x/(100x100/mrad2)

15. B. micro track angular resolution X Y 21 mrad 18 mrad

16. C. Wide Field + enlarged grain + swelled emulsion film Bg : /(100x100mic2)x/(100x100/mrad2)

17. C. micro track angular resolution X Y 27 mrad 24 mrad

18. comparison of efficiency Grain sizeefficiencyNoise Standard 1 normal93.1+-1.40.1 wide field 2 normal92.8+-1.40.5 wide field 2 enlarged95.3+-1.10.9 X Y 1 : 0.30micron/pixel, 0.24micron/pixel 2 : 0.62micron/pixel, 0.50micron/pixel

19. Wide field optical system CCD (512x480 pixels) standard sensor of UTS Objective lens Nikon CFI Plan X50 Oil immersion lens NA : 0.90 WD : 0.4 tube lens X 0.5 (Nikon) Relay lens ~ x 0.7 (Tiyoda) emulsion Development is based on infinity optics (Nikon CFI optics) F.O.V = 317 x 240 micron 2 pixel scale x = 0.62  m/pixel Y = 0.50  m/pixel

20. Efficiency Check Sample : double refreshed half size OPERA film exposed cosmicray pl 1 2 3 4 Cosmic ray 1.Pick up prediction tracks (pl1-pl3-pl4) 2.Search pl3 for basetrack window : dx,dy < +-3micron dthx,dthy < +-70mrad Exist or not ID Scanning area ( 10mm x 10mm )

21. ・グレインサイズ増大 → 焦点面に入る銀粒子数増大 ・膨潤

22. Dispalcement XAA standard

23. Displacement gold wide field

24. efficiency

25. standard – wide field (normal film)

27. Field of view Using different optics and same CCD sensor (current UTS’s) current X 50 wide field X 25 (Nagoya Standard optics) Tiyoda oil immersion lens x50 (N.A. = 0.85, WD = 1.2mm) Nikon CFI Plan x50 oil immersion lens (N.A. = 0.90, WD = 0.4mm) + x0.5 tube lens (for format conversion) (Nikon) + x0.7 relay lens (Tiyoda)

28. CCD image of scanned OPERA film Captured by video capture board currentwide field 154 115 317 240 Comparison between current and wide field

29. F.O.V = 154 x 115 micron 2 pixel scale x = 0.30  m/pixel Y = 0.24  m/pixel F.O.V = 317 x 240 micron 2 pixel scale x = 0.62  m/pixel Y = 0.50  m/pixel

30. focal depth of grain measured by eye check forcal depth (micron) Normal3.5 Enlarged4.4 Grain size is larger, focal depth of grain is latger Swell emulsion The number of grains increases on the focal plane

31. UTS standard optics (standard parameter)

32. Wide field gold rep

33. Wide field standard

34. Standard normal - wide field normal