1. Bill Nye: Genetically Modified Foods DNA Technology and Genetic Mutations

2. I. DNA Technology A. Restriction enzymes B. Recombinant DNA Transgenic organisms- like glowing mouse! C. Transgenic organisms- like glowing mouse! D. Cloning- video video E. Gene therapy http://www.pbs.org/wnet/dna/pop_gene_therapy/index.html http://www.pbs.org/wnet/dna/pop_gene_therapy/index.html F. PCR—polymerase chain reaction http://www.pbs.org/wnet/dna/pop_soup/index.html http://www.pbs.org/wnet/dna/pop_soup/index.html G. Gel Electrophoresis (used for DNA fingerprinting)

3. Simple Gel Electrophoresis More detailed Gel Electrophoresis

4. II. Genetic Mutations A. mutation—a change in the DNA code B. mutagen—anything that can cause a mutation ex: radiation, certain chemicals, high temperatures C. 3 Types of Mutations: Gene, Chromosomal, and Nondisjunctions

5. Mutations: D. Can occur randomly or spontaneously E. Occurring during mitosis—affect that individual’s body cells— Possibly resulting in cancer F. Occurring during meiosis—affect the sex cell and the offspring produced by that sex cell—resulting in a genetic disorder/birth defect

6. REMEMBER: Autosomal means gene is found on a body chromosome! Sex-linked means gene is found on a sex chromosome!

7. III. Gene Mutations A. Changes in the genetic code of a gene B. The 2 Types: 1. point mutation—a change in a single base *Example of disorder caused by point mutation: sickle cell anemia

9. Normal and Sickled RBC’s

10. 2. frameshift mutation—a single base is added or deleted; changes all of the codons that follow it Example of disorder caused by this mutation: Tay-Sachs disease

12. IV. Chromosomal Mutations A. caused by part of a chromosome breaking off during meiosis or mitosis Click here for diagrams. Click here for diagrams. B. The 4 Types: 1. deletion—part is deleted 2. insertion (or duplication)—part is duplicated

13. 3. inversion—part is inverted (or backwards); may affect only a short sequence of code 4. translocation—part is translocated (moved) to a different chromosome Click here for diagrams. Mutation video explanation

14. V. Nondisjunction A. Is failure of homologous chromosomes to separate properly during cell division. B. They can occur during meiosis or mitosis. Click here for pictures.

15. C. Karyotype —a chart of chromosome pairs used to diagnose certain genetic disorders

17. D. Types of nondisjunctions: 1. Monosomy—Only ONE chromosome of a pair is inherited. ex: Human inherits 45 chromosomes (as in Turner syndrome—female with one X).

18. Turner Syndrome

20. Average adult height is 4’8”; however, growth hormone therapy can increase final adult height. Incomplete sexual development, ovarian failure, and infertility Congenital heart defects, Renal abnormalities Hypertension Lymphedema (webbed neck, edema of hands and feet) Nonverbal, visual-spatial processing learning disabilities

21. 2. Trisomy—THREE chromosomes are inherited instead of two. ex: Human inherits 47 chromosomes (as in Down Syndrome).

22. Down Syndrome

24. Patau’s Syndrome

25. Patau Syndrome Cleft lip or palate Clenched hands (with outer fingers on top of the inner fingers) Close-set eyes -- eyes may actually fuse together into one Decreased muscle tone Extra fingers or toes (polydactyly) Hernias Hole, split, or cleft in the iris Low-set ears Mental retardation, severe

26. Klinefelter’s Syndrome XXY—Males May have less facial and body hair May be less muscular than other boys May have trouble using language to express themselves Infertility

27. Karyotype Activity Click on the link above and complete all three karyotypes to determine the disorder of each patient.

28. 3. Triploidy—An EXTRA SET of chromosomes is inherited. a. can occur in plants b. produces large fruit

30. VI. Pedigree