1. Development in the Tundra A Case Study of the Trans-Alaskan Pipeline

3. The Trans-Alaskan Pipeline is one of the biggest oil pipelines in the world at over 800 miles in length. It runs from here To here

4.  Why was the Trans- Alaskan Pipeline built? - The pipeline was built to transfer oil from the frozen areas of Prudhoe Bay to the ice-free port of Valdez where tankers could gain access to transport the oil south.

6. Frost – Heave caused by Permafrost Thaw

7. Problems Building the TAP  The previous slide indicated the significant changes in the level of the ground caused by freezing and thawing.  This level of change could cause the TAP to rupture or collapse.  Other factors such as hours of daylight and the distance of the main North Slope Oil Field and the Pump Stations from other settlements have caused problems in the running of the TAP.

8. Other Issues  Risk of earthquakes  Disruption to Caribou migration routes  Oil Spills

9. How were these problems overcome?  Engineering  Leak Detection Systems  Containment Areas  Training  Earthquake Monitoring  Animal Crossings