1. Assessing Alternative Fuels For Helicopter Operation Alexiou, Tsalavoutas, Pons, Aretakis, Roumeliotis, Mathioudakis Click to edit Master title style Assessing Alternative Fuels For Helicopter Operation Alexiou, Tsalavoutas, Pons, Aretakis, Roumeliotis, Mathioudakis Presented by A. Alexiou Laboratory of Thermal Turbomachines National Technical University of Athens

2. Assessing Alternative Fuels For Helicopter Operation Alexiou, Tsalavoutas, Pons, Aretakis, Roumeliotis, Mathioudakis Click to edit Master title style Collaborative & Robust Engineering using Simulation Capability Enabling Next Design Optimisation Environmentally Compatible Air Transport System 2 Acknowledgements

3. Assessing Alternative Fuels For Helicopter Operation Alexiou, Tsalavoutas, Pons, Aretakis, Roumeliotis, Mathioudakis Click to edit Master title style 3  INTRODUCTION  MODELLING ASPECTS o Mission Fuel Calculation o Simulation Environment o Helicopter-Engine Integrated Performance Model o Alternative Fuels  CASE STUDY o Engine Performance for Jet-A o Helicopter Performance for Jet-A o Effects of Alternative Fuels on Performance  SUMMARY & CONCLUSIONS Contents

4. Assessing Alternative Fuels For Helicopter Operation Alexiou, Tsalavoutas, Pons, Aretakis, Roumeliotis, Mathioudakis Click to edit Master title style 4 Introduction Fuel Impact On Operating Costs Year20032005200720092011 % of operating costs1422282630 Average price / barrel of crude ($)28.854.573.062.0110.0 Break even price / barrel ($)23.451.882.255.4112.5 Total fuel cost (bn $)4491135125176 ( http://www.iata.org/pressroom/facts_figures/fact_sheets/pages/fuel.aspx )

5. Assessing Alternative Fuels For Helicopter Operation Alexiou, Tsalavoutas, Pons, Aretakis, Roumeliotis, Mathioudakis Click to edit Master title style 5 Introduction ( ACARE Beyond Vision 2020 ) Global Man-Made CO 2 Emissions

6. Assessing Alternative Fuels For Helicopter Operation Alexiou, Tsalavoutas, Pons, Aretakis, Roumeliotis, Mathioudakis Click to edit Master title styleIntroduction 6 World Annual Traffic (Airbus GMF 2010-2029 )

7. Assessing Alternative Fuels For Helicopter Operation Alexiou, Tsalavoutas, Pons, Aretakis, Roumeliotis, Mathioudakis Click to edit Master title style 7 Introduction IATA VISION 2050 Build a zero-emissions commercial aircraft within 50 years Targets Carbon neutral growth from 2020 1.5% average annual improvement of fuel efficiency 50% reduction of CO 2 emissions by 2050 relative to 2005 levels Four-Pillar Strategy Technology (IATA target is for 10% of the fuel used will be an alternative fuel by 2017) Operations Infrastructure Economic measures

8. Assessing Alternative Fuels For Helicopter Operation Alexiou, Tsalavoutas, Pons, Aretakis, Roumeliotis, Mathioudakis Click to edit Master title styleIntroduction 8  Research is mainly focused on second or new generation bio-fuels (e.g. algae, jatropha and camelina).  Sustainable bio-fuels can reduce aviation’s net carbon contribution on a full life-cycle basis (60-85%).  Tests demonstrated that the use of bio-fuels as ‘drop-in’ fuels is technically sound and doesn’t require any major adaptation of the aircraft.  To date, aviation industry is cleared to use blends with up to 50% ‘synthetic’ kerosene derived from coal, gas or biomass and conventional jet fuel.

9. Assessing Alternative Fuels For Helicopter Operation Alexiou, Tsalavoutas, Pons, Aretakis, Roumeliotis, Mathioudakis Click to edit Master title styleIntroduction 9 Objective Study the effect of alternative fuels on the performance of a medium utility helicopter Requirement A helicopter mission analysis tool with the capability to use different fuels

10. Assessing Alternative Fuels For Helicopter Operation Alexiou, Tsalavoutas, Pons, Aretakis, Roumeliotis, Mathioudakis Click to edit Master title style 10  INTRODUCTION  MODELLING ASPECTS o Mission Fuel Calculation o Simulation Environment o Helicopter-Engine Integrated Performance Model o Alternative Fuels  CASE STUDY o Engine Performance for Jet-A o Helicopter Performance for Jet-A o Effects of Alternative Fuels on Performance  SUMMARY & CONCLUSIONS Contents

11. Assessing Alternative Fuels For Helicopter Operation Alexiou, Tsalavoutas, Pons, Aretakis, Roumeliotis, Mathioudakis Click to edit Master title style 11 H/C new weight 6 Mission Fuel 7 H/C Specification Take-Off weight air bleed/power off-take Air Intake losses Exhaust losses Mission definition e.g. velocity, time for each segment  Oil & Gas  SAR Mission Fuel Calculation ENGINE PERFORMANCE MODEL Fuel Flow Rate 5 FUEL MODEL 1 MISSION PROFILE 3 H/C operating conditions H/C requirements (power, air cabin off take, Nrotor) 2 H/C PERFORMANCE MODEL 4 -200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 01020304050 Time (min) Altitude [m]

12. Assessing Alternative Fuels For Helicopter Operation Alexiou, Tsalavoutas, Pons, Aretakis, Roumeliotis, Mathioudakis Click to edit Master title style  Object-Oriented  Steady State  Transient  Mixed-Fidelity  Multi-Disciplinary  Distributed  Multi-point Design  Off-Design  Test Analysis  Diagnostics  Sensitivity  Optimisation  Deck Generation 12 Simulation Platform PROOSIS (PRopulsion Object-Oriented SImulation Software)

13. Assessing Alternative Fuels For Helicopter Operation Alexiou, Tsalavoutas, Pons, Aretakis, Roumeliotis, Mathioudakis Click to edit Master title style 13 Simulation Platform  TURBO library of gas turbine components  Industry- accepted performance modelling techniques  Respects international standards in nomenclature, interface & OO programming

14. Assessing Alternative Fuels For Helicopter Operation Alexiou, Tsalavoutas, Pons, Aretakis, Roumeliotis, Mathioudakis Click to edit Master title style 14 Simulation Platform Total helicopter power  Main rotor power  Induced  Profile  Fuselage  Potential energy change  Tail rotor power  Customer power extraction  Gearbox power losses

15. Assessing Alternative Fuels For Helicopter Operation Alexiou, Tsalavoutas, Pons, Aretakis, Roumeliotis, Mathioudakis Click to edit Master title style Integrated Helicopter-Engine Component 15 Integrated Model Engine Component Helicopter Component (black box or PROOSIS model)

16. Assessing Alternative Fuels For Helicopter Operation Alexiou, Tsalavoutas, Pons, Aretakis, Roumeliotis, Mathioudakis Click to edit Master title style 16 Alternative Fuels FUELH:C RATIOLHV (MJ/kg)DENSITY (kg/m 3 ) Jet-A1.91743.12Ref.801.0Ref Synjet (FT)2.16643.941.9%762.4-4.8% S8 (FT-GTL)2.16943.901.8%756.0-5.6% Jatropha Algae (HRJ)2.11944.202.5%748.0-6.6% Blend 50% Jet-A + 50% Jatr. 2.01743.701.34%780.0-2.6% FT: Fischer-Tropsch HRJ: Hydrotreated Renewable Jet GTL: Gas-to-Liquid  Low aromatics content  Absence of natural anti-oxidants  Low electrical conductivity  Poor lubrication properties  Erroneous fuel metering  Accelerated wear of fuel system O-rings/seals  Fuel degradation in long-term storage  High pressure fuel pump wear  Increased fire hazard PROOSIS TURBO library uses 3-D tables to calculate the caloric properties of the working fluid in the engine model generated with the NASA CEA software (no dissociation) Biodiesel (Soybean)1.85538.00-11.9%880.09.9%

17. Assessing Alternative Fuels For Helicopter Operation Alexiou, Tsalavoutas, Pons, Aretakis, Roumeliotis, Mathioudakis Click to edit Master title style 17  INTRODUCTION  MODELLING ASPECTS o Mission Fuel Calculation o Simulation Environment o Helicopter-Engine Integrated Performance Model o Alternative Fuels  CASE STUDY o Engine Performance for Jet-A o Helicopter Performance for Jet-A o Effects of Alternative Fuels on Performance  SUMMARY & CONCLUSIONS Contents

18. Assessing Alternative Fuels For Helicopter Operation Alexiou, Tsalavoutas, Pons, Aretakis, Roumeliotis, Mathioudakis Click to edit Master title style 18 Engine Performance PARAMETERMCPTOPOEI30 Power Delivered [kW]105612521437 Torque Delivered [Nm]168119922287 Overall Pressure Ratio11.612.613.3 Power Turbine Inlet Temperature [K]97710341108 Inlet Air Mass Flow Rate [kg/s]4.64.84.94 Gas Generator Speed [rpm]389464020541700 Specific Fuel Consumption [kg/kWh]0.2800.2710.269 Sea-level standard conditions

19. Assessing Alternative Fuels For Helicopter Operation Alexiou, Tsalavoutas, Pons, Aretakis, Roumeliotis, Mathioudakis Click to edit Master title styleEngine Performance 19

20. Assessing Alternative Fuels For Helicopter Operation Alexiou, Tsalavoutas, Pons, Aretakis, Roumeliotis, Mathioudakis Click to edit Master title styleEngine Performance 20

21. Assessing Alternative Fuels For Helicopter Operation Alexiou, Tsalavoutas, Pons, Aretakis, Roumeliotis, Mathioudakis Click to edit Master title styleEngine Performance 21

22. Assessing Alternative Fuels For Helicopter Operation Alexiou, Tsalavoutas, Pons, Aretakis, Roumeliotis, Mathioudakis Click to edit Master title styleHelicopter Performance 22 PARAMETERSYMBOLVALUEUNITS Maximum Take-off WeightMTOW7400kg Weight EmptyWE4105kg Fixed Useful LoadFUL200kg Fuel CapacityVFu1.45m3m3 Number of EnginesNeng2- Number of Rotor BladesNb4- Main Rotor DiameterD15.2m Main Rotor Blade Chordc0.49m Main Rotor Solidityσ0.08- Rotor Blade Tip SpeedU223m/sec Rotor SpeedNR280rpm Equivalent Flat Plate AreaSCx3.0m2m2 Power ExtractionPex10kW

23. Assessing Alternative Fuels For Helicopter Operation Alexiou, Tsalavoutas, Pons, Aretakis, Roumeliotis, Mathioudakis Click to edit Master title styleHelicopter Performance 23 Jet-A / MTOW / STD

24. Assessing Alternative Fuels For Helicopter Operation Alexiou, Tsalavoutas, Pons, Aretakis, Roumeliotis, Mathioudakis Click to edit Master title styleHelicopter Performance 24 Jet-A / MTOW / STD

25. Assessing Alternative Fuels For Helicopter Operation Alexiou, Tsalavoutas, Pons, Aretakis, Roumeliotis, Mathioudakis Click to edit Master title styleHelicopter Performance 25 SR = V x / W fuel Jet-A / MTOW / SL / STD

26. Assessing Alternative Fuels For Helicopter Operation Alexiou, Tsalavoutas, Pons, Aretakis, Roumeliotis, Mathioudakis Click to edit Master title styleHelicopter Performance 26 Jet-A

27. Assessing Alternative Fuels For Helicopter Operation Alexiou, Tsalavoutas, Pons, Aretakis, Roumeliotis, Mathioudakis Click to edit Master title styleEffects of Alternative Fuels 27 Fixed PWSD (TOP for Jet-A) Fixed XNH (TOP rating)

28. Assessing Alternative Fuels For Helicopter Operation Alexiou, Tsalavoutas, Pons, Aretakis, Roumeliotis, Mathioudakis Click to edit Master title styleEffects of Alternative Fuels 28

29. Assessing Alternative Fuels For Helicopter Operation Alexiou, Tsalavoutas, Pons, Aretakis, Roumeliotis, Mathioudakis Click to edit Master title styleEffects of Alternative Fuels 29 Warm up at MCP [2’] Take-Off [2’] Climb at Vbe & Vz,max [2’] Cruise at Vbr [40’] Descent [4’] Land [2’]

30. Assessing Alternative Fuels For Helicopter Operation Alexiou, Tsalavoutas, Pons, Aretakis, Roumeliotis, Mathioudakis Click to edit Master title styleEffects of Alternative Fuels 30

31. Assessing Alternative Fuels For Helicopter Operation Alexiou, Tsalavoutas, Pons, Aretakis, Roumeliotis, Mathioudakis Click to edit Master title styleEffects of Alternative Fuels 31

32. Assessing Alternative Fuels For Helicopter Operation Alexiou, Tsalavoutas, Pons, Aretakis, Roumeliotis, Mathioudakis Click to edit Master title styleEffects of Alternative Fuels 32

33. Assessing Alternative Fuels For Helicopter Operation Alexiou, Tsalavoutas, Pons, Aretakis, Roumeliotis, Mathioudakis Click to edit Master title styleEffects of Alternative Fuels 33

34. Assessing Alternative Fuels For Helicopter Operation Alexiou, Tsalavoutas, Pons, Aretakis, Roumeliotis, Mathioudakis Click to edit Master title styleEffects of Alternative Fuels 34

35. Assessing Alternative Fuels For Helicopter Operation Alexiou, Tsalavoutas, Pons, Aretakis, Roumeliotis, Mathioudakis Click to edit Master title style 35  INTRODUCTION  MODELLING ASPECTS o Mission Fuel Calculation o Simulation Environment o Helicopter-Engine Integrated Performance Model o Alternative Fuels  CASE STUDY o Engine Performance for Jet-A o Helicopter Performance for Jet-A o Effects of Alternative Fuels on Performance  SUMMARY & CONCLUSIONS Contents

36. Assessing Alternative Fuels For Helicopter Operation Alexiou, Tsalavoutas, Pons, Aretakis, Roumeliotis, Mathioudakis Click to edit Master title styleSummary & Conclusions 36  An integrated performance model of a helicopter and its turboshaft engine has been created in an object-oriented simulation environment to study the effects of alternative fuels on helicopter operation.  For the fuels considered in this study there are no significant effects on the engine cycle compared to Jet-A except for the fuel flow rate that changes according to the difference of each fuel’s lower heating value from the reference one.  Considering the helicopter in a mission, there is an added effect from the differences in density between the fuels that modifies the helicopter’s payload-range capability.  Based on the modelling assumptions, the blended fuel appears at the moment as the most suitable choice for the aspects considered in the presented analysis (e.g. taking into account its effects on engine cycle parameters and helicopter operational characteristics) but other parameters should also be taken into account to allow for a more complete assessment (e.g. economics of fuel production, emissions, etc.).

37. Assessing Alternative Fuels For Helicopter Operation Alexiou, Tsalavoutas, Pons, Aretakis, Roumeliotis, Mathioudakis Click to edit Master title styleSummary & Conclusions 37  The method presented herein can be further extended by including models of other disciplines in the existing integrated model (e.g. economics, noise and particulate emissions, etc.). This would allow the required multi-disciplinary calculations (including design and optimisation) to be performed in a single simulation environment with all the associated benefits that such an approach offers (configuration management control, transparent exchange of information between modules, common modelling standards, flexible mathematical model handling, etc.).  Finally, by creating a library of specific aircrafts (rotary or fixed wing) and a corresponding one with engines (turboshafts, turbofans, etc.) one can perform such studies for various combinations of current and future aircraft-engine models. ATLAS Aero-TooLs for Advanced Simulations Library of Gas Turbine Engines

38. Assessing Alternative Fuels For Helicopter Operation Alexiou, Tsalavoutas, Pons, Aretakis, Roumeliotis, Mathioudakis Click to edit Master title style 38 THANK YOU Laboratory of Thermal Turbomachines National Technical University of Athens