1. Northern Eurasia, 1500-1800 Chapter 20

2. How to Respond? To both internal problems and external threats from the ever increasingly powerful European powers Japan insists and enforces isolation from European powers and ends disorder in the countryside China gets a new dynasty, that is unable to address internal and external challenges Russia attempts some aspects of westernization, but rejects others

3. Japan 1500-1603 In the 12 th century Japan fell into a period of fragmentation in which warlords (daimyo) controlled areas from a castle town With the help of warriors, samurai There was a loose alliance with an emperor living in Kyoto A shogun was the hereditary chief of the emperors government and armies, but neither emperor nor shogun had much power Warfare common between daimyo In the late 15 th century, Hideyoshi emerged from a long civil war, and actually united Japan enough to lead and invasion of Korea. His plan was to then conquer China and make himself emperor Hideyoshi died, the armies withdrew, but both Korea and Manchuria were devastated Weakened Chinese forces in Manchuria made it possible for the Manchu to begin their conquest of China, resulting in the Qing dynasty takeover in 1644

4. Tokugawa Shogunate, to 1800 A new military government was established, the Tokugawa Shogunate Who established an administrative capital at Edo, present day Tokyo Shoguns required daimyo to visit Edo frequently which calmed the countryside, made roads and travel better Which increased commercial activity By 1700, it is thought that Edo reached a million inhabitants, making it one of the largest cities of the world

5. Domestic Peace Samurai adapted to the growing bureaucratic needs of the state as warfare lessened They became customers for merchants who sold silk, books, porcelain and made loans Artisans prospered as well But it was the commercial classes that amassed great fortunes during this time They would be the key to Japan’s later modernization

6. Japan and the Europeans Within 30 years after the arrival of Europeans (the Dutch) in Japan’s ports, daimyo were fighting with western style firearms Westerners were initially welcomed but strictly regulated Few Japanese goods made their way to Europe, but Japanese copper and silver were used to trade with China Catholic missionaries also made their way to Japan, and won many converts, as many as 300,000 by the early 17 th century In 1614 suspicions about the intentions of Europeans led to decrees banning Christianity, and from 1633 to 1639 a series of decrees banning Europeans from Japan completely, with death as the consequence Except for a few Dutch on an island near Nagasaki, no Europeans for 200 + years

7. Internal Change Population Growth Decline of the samurai, and continued rise of commercial classes Japan during this time embraced the Confucian idea that agriculture was the basis of state wealth, and merchants were morally weak

8. Late Ming, Early Qing Like Japan civil and foreign wars, change in government and contact with Europe But the changes in China were on a much larger scale By 1800 the empire was strengthened, the economy was expanded and doubts were growing about trade with Europe and Christianity

9. Ming, 1368-1644 By 1500, in decline For 150 years political weakness, internal warfare, rural woes But Europeans who visit are still astonished at the great wealth, the superb manufacturing capacity and vast population For many centuries European trade with China will create great wealth for China Ming cities were places of wealth and culture The little ice age is thought to have affected agriculture and caused hardship in the countryside, farmers slow to change to new crops and population growth in the countryside was slow

10. End of the Ming, Rise of the Qing Invasions in the west by unified Mongols and Tibetans Japanese invasion in the late 16 th century Allowed for the rising power of Manchus, who the Ming asked for help And the Manchus claimed China for themselves, founding the Qing dynasty, China’s last Like most of China’s other dynasties from the outside they soon adopted Chinese institutions and policies

11. Trading Companies and Missionaries A Portuguese ship reached China in 1513, but was not allowed to trade Not until 1557 did the Portuguese gain the right to train from Macao Spain conducted its China trade from the Phillipines The Dutch gained access by acknowledging the moral superiority of the emperor, and kowtowing Jesuits focused on the intellectual elites, and won some converts Were allowed to issue the official calendar, because of their knowledge of the astronomy Allowed for mass in Mandarin, some ancestor worship The Dominicans tell, the pope makes then stop, and they are expelled

12. Kangxi and Qianlong Kangxi (1662-1722) and Qianlong (1736-1796) ruled over a period of great economic, military and cultural achievement Repaired roads and waterworks, lowered taxes, cut rents and interest rates, established incentives to resettle areas devastated by rebellion and war Foreign trade wildly successful More areas of Asia, such as Vietnam, Burma, Nepal sent tribute to Beijing Some attacks into Russia, a peace was negotiated in 1689 Kangxi himself led a campaign to control Mongol areas

13. Chinese Influence on Europe Never one way, the Jesuits may have been able to make good calendars, but the Chinese knew how to inoculate against smallpox The Confucian image of a practical, secular, compassionate ruler who worked to curb aristocratic excess, fighting superstition and ignorance was appealing to thinkers such as Voltaire

14. Tea and Diplomacy The Qing permitted only one port, at Canton In the late 1700’s the British became increasingly concerned about their massive trade imbalance with China Tea an especially important export to Europe And the Chinese really wanted to buy nothing from the British Attempts to change this met no success for the Brits, until a few years later…

15. Beginning Decline, end of the 18 th Century Population growth enormous—a tripling from 1500 to the late 18 th 350 million people Even with very efficient agriculture and new world crops this was a tough population to feed Increased demand for forest products led to erosion, silting up rivers and flooding Rebellions began to break out And the Qing were not up to the challenge

16. Here Come the Russians Prior to 1500, Russian history dominated by the Mongol Khanate of the Golden Horde During the Golden Horde, the city of Moscow gained prominence Slowly the Mongol were pushed east by Muscovite Princes At the end of the 16 th century Russians ruled the largest state of Europe, from the Urals to Scandinavia and Poland But very backward and sparsely populated Traded furs They controlled no coastline—except on the Arctic Ocean

17. Expansion To the Baltic by 1533 Past the Urals by 1598 All the way to the Pacific by 1721 To Poland and and Crimea by 1796 Encompassing a diverse empire of many languages and religions And huge territory

18. Time of Troubles and Another Example The Princes of Muscovy not terribly able rulers and Polish and Swedish forces both occupied Moscow in the early 17 th century The Russian aristocracy (called boyars) chose one of their own Mikhail Romanov to found a dynasty of czars, their only Russian dynasty As Czars took ever increasing power they cut a deal with the loyal nobility—let us rule absolutely and we will allow you to rule your serfs without interference A census in 1795 showed half the population were un free serfs, 2% were landowners, about the same proportion as in the Caribbean

19. Peter the Great The best of the Romanovs, he attempted to lessen Russia’s isolation An unlikely heir, he was allowed to grow up among European merchants trading in Moscow Learned about their innovative ways and industries When he did unexpectedly become Czar (1689-1725) He turned Russia firmly to Western Europe for innovations in ship building, military organization, education To modernize and westernize He traveled, under disguise to Europe himself, to see what was being done He recognized it wasn’t just about the weapons and ships but about tolerance and trade as well He lessened the power of the nobility as well Built factories and mines Not interested in the rights of serfs, no more interested than any European ruler of the time in human rights

20. Catherine the Great 1762-1796 Successful expansion to the Crimea Promoted industry When she died Russia controlled lands from the Arctic to the Black Sea, from the Baltic to the Pacific Ocean (Alaska, actually) She implemented administrative reforms, and initially embraced enlightenment ideas about rule But changed her mind after a massive rebellion