1. Modal Integration and the Passenger Transport Strategy in Seoul Metropolitan Area
10 Nov. 2009
Seong Yil BAE
Vice President
Yooshin Engineering Corporation

2. Contents Seoul in Korea Public Transport in Seoul Modal Integration
Passenger Transport Strategy

3. 1. Seoul in Korea

4. 1. Seoul in Korea Capital City of Korea
Business Hub in the North-east Asia
Competitiveness for the Advanced Digital Industry
0.6% of the Total Area → 21% of the GDP
Global Power City Index: 12th (Mori Memorial Foundation, 2009)
Source : Googleus

5. 1. Seoul in Korea Socio-economic indices (2008)
Population : 10,456,000
Area : Km2
Registered Car: 2,949,000
Road Length: increase steadily
Road Ratio : around 22%
Road Length

6. 1. Seoul in Korea Trip Characteristics Modal Split (Peak Hour)
Bus : 27.6% (29.0%)
Subway : 34.9% (41.0%)
Car : 26.3% (22.6%)
Taxi : 6.2% ( 3.2%)
Public Transport : 62.5% ( 70% in Peak Hour )

7. Going to Seoul (%) (B/A)
1. Seoul in Korea
Commuter Trips in the Metropolitan Area
Trip Generation : Increase of 16%
Trip to Seoul : Increase of 14%
Concentration to Seoul: Decrease of 0.8%
due to New Development of Residential Areas outside Seoul
Origin
Generation (A)
Trip to Seoul (B)
Going to Seoul (%) (B/A)
2002
2006
5 New Towns
560,439
652,717
210,764
226,515
37.6%
34.7%
New Dev’t
451,112
663,017
116,826
193,367
25.9%
29.2%
Other Area
3,399,023
3,884,257
704,072
754,314
20.7%
19.4%
Total
4,410,574
5,119,991
1,031,662
1,174,196
23.4%
22.6%

8. 1. Seoul in Korea Dependence on Seoul Dependence on Seoul =
Commuter Trip (Seoul~Gyeonggi)
Total Commuter Trip in Gyeonggi
(below)
(above)

9. 2. Public Transport in Seoul
2.1 Public Transport (Bus)
2.2 Public Transport (Subway)

10. 2.1 Public Transport (Bus)
Reformation of the Bus System (July 2004)
Problems before the Reform
Expansion of Commute Areas to Seoul
Traffic Volume across the Seoul City Boundry
▷ 2.68 Million Vehicle/day (1996) → Million Vehicle/day (2003)
Increase of Traffic Congestion
Average Travel Speed in CBD
▷ km/h (1994) → km/h (2002)
Decrease of Bus Passengers
Number of Bus Passengers per Bus per Day
▷ 1,069 passengers (1983) → 504 passengers (2003)

11. 2.1 Public Transport (Bus)
Reform 1: Bus Operation – 4 Types
Regional Connection (Trunk Lines)
between suburbs and downtown
Trunk
Lines
Feeder
Circular
Wide Area
Blue
Bus
Green
Yellow
Red
Feeder to Trunk Lines and Subways
to meet local travel demand
Local Lines in CBD
for Business/ Shopping/ Tour Trips
Express Connection
between satellite cities and CBD
under Operation: Lines / 7,164 Buses

12. 2.1 Public Transport (Bus)
Reform 2: Fare System
Bus (only) Trip → Distance Based Fare
Base Fare: ,000 Korean Won -- up to 10 km
Additional Fare: 100 Korean Won -- every 5 km
Transfer Trip
Free of Charge for Transfer (Bus to Bus, Bus to Subway)
‘Distance Based Fare’ system is still deployed.
Before
After
Independent Fare System
Transfer: 50 Won Discount
→ Deployed to All Passenger
Integrated Fare System
Discount to Children/Students
→ 50% and 20%, respectively

13. 2.1 Public Transport (Bus)
Reform 3: New Smart Card System
Introduced to facilitate Intermodal Ridership
Used on Bus and Subway
Distance-based Integrated Fare
Automatic Discount to Children/Students
Fare Revenue: accounted more accurately & timely

14. 2.1 Public Transport (Bus)
Reform 4: Bus Management System (BMS)
Bus Information to Operators, Passenger, and City Government
for Efficient Management of Bus Operators
for Convenient Use of Passenger
For Public Transport Policies, Level of Subsidy of the City Government

15. 2.1 Public Transport (Bus)
Reform 5: Exclusive (Median) Bus Lanes
Introduce Exclusive Median Bus Lanes
Phase 1: 3 Major Corridors (27 km)
Phase 2: plus 3 Corridors (total 58 km) by 2006
Continue to Extend the Corridors → making a Network
Introduce Traffic Signal Priority for Bus
Increase of Bus Speed: up to 20%

16. 2.1 Public Transport (Bus)
Reform 6: BRT on the Gyung-Bu Expressway
Introduced by Korea Expressway Corporation (KEC)
- Opening in Oct. 2008
Total Length =44.8km
Operation Hours: from 7am to 9 pm
- Trips per day:
190,000 → 250,000
(31.6% ↑)

17. 2.1 Public Transport (Bus)
Evaluation of the Bus System Reformation: Before 1 year and After
Ridership
Speed
Punctuality
Safety
Number of Traffic Accident
: 7,966 ⇒ 5,971 (25% decreased)
Number of Death
: 60 ⇒ 41 (31.7% decreased)
Corridor
Dist
(km)
T-time
(min)
Deviation
(Bus/min)
(Car/min)
Dobong-Mia
15.2
44.3
2.7
15.3
Susack-Sungsan
6.8
18.1
1.2
15.6
Kangnam
4.8
16.7
1.3
4.6

18. 2.1 Public Transport (Bus)
Going Forward
Selection of Additional Corridors
23 Corridors with km (2009)
CBD to Satellite Cities, pass through High Density Development Areas

19. 2.2 Public Transport (Subway)
Subway Operation (Sep. 2009)
Total Length: km (290 Stations)
8 Lines: km ( + Line 9 : open in July 2009)
Operator
Line Name
Length (㎞)
Travel Speed
(㎞/hr)
Headway (Min.)
No. of Station
Peak Hour
Non-Peak
Seoul Metro
Line 1
Line 2
Line 3
Line 4
7.8
60.2
35.2
31.7
31.2
33.6
34.0
35.8
3.0
2.5
4.0
5.5
6.0
5.0 10 50 31 26
Sum
134.9
31.2~35.8
2.5~3.0
4.0~6.0
117
SMRT
Line 5
Line 6
Line 7
Line 8
52.3
35.1
46.9
17.7
32.7
30.1
32.3
34.2
4.5
8.0 51 38 42 17
152.0
30.1~34.2
2.5~4.5
6.0~8.0
148
Seoul Metro 9
Line 9
Normal
Express
27.0
23.4
34.5
49.5 
20.0
10.0 25 9
Total
313.9
30.1~49.5
290

20. 2.2 Public Transport (Subway)
Map of Subway Lines (Sep. 2009)

21. 2.2 Public Transport (Subway)
Airport Railway
Opened the Section [Incheon Int’l Airport (IIA) ~ Gimpo Airport] in March 2007
Planned to Extend the Line from Gimpo to Seoul Railway Station by 2010
Normal Train (33 min.) and Express Train (28 min.)
Name
Origine~Destination
Length
(㎞)
Travel Speed
(㎞/hr)
Headway (Min.)
No. of Station
Peak Hr.
Non-P
Airport Railway
IIA~Gimpo Airport
37.6
70.0
12.0 6

22. 2.2 Public Transport (Subway)
Ticketing
Stopped the Paper Ticket System in July 2009
Automatic Ticketing System
Slim Gate
(Preventing from ‘steal a Ride’)
Automatic Recharge Machine
Single Trip
Ticketing Machine
Deposit Refund Machine

23. 3. Modal Integration 3.1 Modal Integration Strategy
3.2 Modal Integration Examples

24. Modal Integration: Basic Needs
3.1 Modal Integration Strategy
Movement Condition
Private Car
Door to Door
Route Choice
Public Transport
Region to Region
Route Networking
Modal Integration: Basic Needs
Transfer Facility Improvement
To Reduce Transit Distance
To Supply Convenient Facilities to Transfer
To Provide Timely & Adquite Information
Modal
Integration Strategy
Transfer Center
Large/ Middle/ Small Centers

25. Example : Kimpo Airport Station
3.2 Modal Integration Examples
To Reduce Transit Distance
Example : Kimpo Airport Station
Transfer: - Airport to Airport (International): Airport Railway
- Airport to City: Subway Line 5 & Subway Line 9
- City to Airport (International): Subway Line 5 & 9 ↔ Airport Railway
- with 23 Bus Routes
Important
thing

26. Example : Kimpo Airport Station
3.2 Modal Integration Examples
Example : Kimpo Airport Station
Transfer (Subway ↔ Airport Railway)
on the Same Floor

27. 3.2 Modal Integration Examples
To Supply Convenient Facilities
Example : Subway Line 9
Escalator / Elevator
Moving Walk

28. 3.2 Modal Integration Examples
Entrance of Sta.
To Provide Information
Example : Subway Line 9
Timely & Adequate Information
in Train
Platform

29. 3.2 Modal Integration Examples
Transfer Facility Improvement in Seoul (March 2009)
Item
Elevator
Escalator
Wheelchair Lift
Moving Walk
No. of Station
No. of Facilities
Total
249
642
179
1,052
145
462 6 18
Seoul Metro
109
279 61
274 33 68 1 2
SMRT
140
363
118
779 63
158 5 16
Note: Total Number of Stations = ← not including Line 9

30. 3.2 Modal Integration Examples
Transfer Center
Item
Multi-Transfer Center (A)
Public Transport Oriented
Transfer Center (B)
Transfer Terminal (C)
Transfer Parking (D)
Concept
▪ B + C + D
▪ near City Boundary & Important Railway Station
▪ C + D
▪ Important Places in Transport Networks
▪ Trunk & Local Bus Transfer + D
▪ in Regional or Local Center
▪ Car + Public Transport
▪ in Local Center
Transfer Type
▪ Car↔Subway
▪ Subway↔Bus
▪ Bus↔Bus(BRT)
▪ Car↔Bus
▪ Blue Bus↔
Blue Bus
▪ Blue Bus↔ Feeder Bus
▪ Bus↔Bus (BRT)
▪Car↔Subway
▪Car↔Bus (BRT) A B C D

31. Example : Seoul Station
3.2 Modal Integration Examples
Railway
Subway
Trunk Bus
Local Bus
Private Car
Transfer Center
Example : Seoul Station

32. Example : Cheongryangri Station
3.2 Modal Integration Examples
Transfer Center
Example : Cheongryangri Station
Railway
Subway
Trunk Bus
Local Bus
Private Car

33. Example : Yeoeudo Transfer Terminal
3.2 Modal Integration Examples
Transfer Terminal
Example : Yeoeudo Transfer Terminal
Subway
Trunk Bus
Local Bus
Private Car

34. 4. Passenger Transport Strategy

35. Copenhagen Protocol (Dec. 2009): Obligation of All Countries
4.1 Transport Strategy
Global Warming
Natural Disaster
Copenhagen Protocol (Dec. 2009): Obligation of All Countries
Efficient Use of Transport Energy
Demand Reduction in Transport Energy Use
Green Technology Development
Transport
Strategy
(Trend)

36. 4.2 Passenger Transport Strategy
for Efficient Use of Transport Energy
to Supply Public Transport
- Public Transport: Railway, BRT, etc.
to Encourage the Use of Public Transport
- Modal Integration Facilities (Hardware)
- Information System (Software)
Transfer
Center
APTS