1. Lecture-6: Rocks and Minerals

2. Rocks  Any material that makes up a large, natural, continuous part of Earth’s crust is called a rock. Rock is a solid combination of one or more minerals found in the earth’s crust. Some kinds of rock such as limestone (calcium carbonate, or CaCO 3 ) and quartzite contain only one mineral. Most rocks consist of two or more minerals. For example, granite is a mixture of mica, feldspar, and quartz crystals.  Rocks are mixtures of their component minerals  There are 3 types of rocks: Igneous rock Sedimentary rock Metamorphic rock

3.  Igneous rock Rocks formed by solidification of molten magma either beneath (intrusive igneous rock) or at (extrusive igneous rocks) the Earth's surface.  Sedimentary rock Rock that forms from the accumulated products of erosion and in some cases from the compacted shells, skeletons, and other remains of dead organisms. e.g., sandstone, limestone, lignite etc.  Metamorphic rock Rock that forms from igneous, sedimentary and/or other metamorphic rocks due to high pressure, high temperature, chemically active fluids, or a combination of these agents

4. Examples of Igneous Rock: Basalt, Gabbro Examples of Sedimentary Rocks: sandstone, limestone, lignite Examples of Metamorphic Rocks :Quartzite

5. Rock Cycle The interaction of processes that changes rocks of Earth from one type to another is called the rock cycle. The rock cycle depends on the tectonic cycle for energy and on hydrological cycle for water.

6. Steps of rock cycle The ultimate source of all rocks on the Earth’s surface is magma, hence the igneous rocks are described as primary rocks. Some igneous rocks are weathered and eventually buried and converted into sedimentary (secondary) rocks. Other igneous rocks are transformed into metamorphic (tertiary) rocks by heat, pressure and chemical change. Sedimentary and metamorphic rocks at the edges of the tectonic plates are sub ducted back into the mantle, where they are melted and can eventually be released as magma and form new igneous rocks. Sedimentary rocks can be transformed into metamorphic rocks by heat, pressure and chemical change. Metamorphic rocks can be weathered, buried and converted into sedimentary rocks.

7. Igneous Rock Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Erosion & Deposition Temperature & Pressure Melting Erosion & Deposition Melting Temperature & Pressure Magma Cooling & Crystallization Rock cycle

8. Rock Cycle  The geologic cycle is a collective term used to describe the complex interactions between the component of tectonic, hydrologic, rock, and the biological cycling of elements known as the biogeochemical cycle

9.  Any material that makes up a large, natural, continuous part of Earth’s crust is called a rock.  Rocks are mixtures of their component minerals.  The origin and distribution of mineral resources is intimately related to the history of the biosphere and to the geological cycle.  The availability of mineral resources is one of the measures of the wealth of the society. Modern technological civilization would not be possible without the exploitation of mineral resources.  Minerals are the basic building blocks from which the Earth’s crust is made & the main ingredients of all rocks, deposits & soils.  A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic, homogeneous substance.  There are many different rock-forming minerals & each has  - a definite chemical composition & crystal structure  - characteristic physical properties (e.g. color, hardness, density etc) Minerals

10. Gypsum - CaSO 4. 2H 2 O Phosphate mineral - Apatite Amethyst- the purple variety of Quartz (SiO 2 ) Scolecite - CaAl 2 Si 3 O 10.3H 2 O Few consists of single element (old, silver, and diamonds (carbon) ) Mostly consists of various combinations of elements (NaCl, quartzite/SiO2)

11. Types of minerals Metallic Minerals: -These are generally associated with igneous rocks. - They are usually hard and have shines or luster of their own. -They are flexible. -When hit, they do not get broken. - example Ferrous: iron Non ferrous: copper, tin, lead, bauxite Precious metals: gold, silver

12. Non metallic minerals : - These are generally associated with sedimentary rocks. -They are not so hard and have no shine or luster of their own. -They are not flexible. - When hit, they may got broken into pieces. - Examples - clay, marble

13. Coal, DinajpurLimestone, Sylhet Hard Rock, Dinajpur White Clay, Netrokona

14. Use of various minerals -Electric wire, cables, batteries: Copper, Lead -Chemical industries and Fertilizers for agriculture: sulphur, potash, nitrates, phosphates -Jewellery: gold, silver, diamond -Industrial use of cutting: diamond

15. Mineral Exploitation Mineral exploration is the process of finding ore (commercially viable concentrations of minerals) to collect by mining. Impacts of Mineral Exploitation The availability of mineral resources is one of the measures of the wealth of the society. Modern technological civilization would not be possible without the exploitation of mineral resources.

16. Environmental impacts Occur different types of pollution like water, soil, air and noise pollution Effect hydrological conditions Climate change Change topography and rock type Social impacts Rapid population growth at mining area create housing, water supply, sewage and solid waste disposal problems.

17. Rio Tinto river, Spain