1. Day 159 – Final Review Day 1  Due to short periods the lab has been pushed back until tomorrow (I changed my mind from yesterday).

2. SEMESTER 2, UNIT 1 Proteins

3. What are proteins?  In order to understand how proteins work, we need to look at the basic characteristics of proteins.  Today we will look at one specific kind of protein, called enzymes.  Enzymes are a very important kind of protein.

4. 2 Types of Proteins 1 ) Structural – proteins that form physical parts. Examples – -keratin (hair and nails) -actin (muscle) -microtubules (cell membrane skeletons). Gelatin - Gelatin (Chime)Gelatin (Chime) Collagen – CollagenCollagen

5. 2) Functional – Proteins that have activity Examples- -Hormones – used for signaling -Defensive – antibodies that recognize foreign invaders -Transport – Carrier proteins!!! -Enzymes – used for chemical reactions Antibody- antibody structureantibody structure Hemoglobin - hemoglobinhemoglobin

6. Computer enzyme activity

7. 4 Properties of Enzymes 1) Enzymes speed up the rate of chemical reactions 2) Enzymes are NOT used up in the chemical reaction - Only small amounts are needed since they are recycled and reused

8. 3) Enzymes are specific to one type of chemical reaction  The ACTIVE SITE of the enzyme “fits” only the chemical(s) that the enzyme works on (substrate). 4)Enzymes are denatured (stop working because of shape change) when they are heated or placed in acid.

9. SEMESTER 2, UNIT 2 Parry the Paramecium

10. Basic Terminology  A solute is a substance dissolved in a fluid.  Like salt in the example  A solvent is a substance that dissolves other materials.  Solutes and a solvent make up a solution

11. Diffusion  The basic definition of diffusion is:  The movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration.  Concentration is the amount of molecules in a given area.

12. Diffusion  Another way to think about this is:  That the molecules are moving from an area of little space to an area of more space.

13. Concentration Gradient  When there is a difference in concentration of molecules across a distance, a concentration gradient exists.  If these molecules were left to diffuse, they would spread evenly across the distance:  This equal distribution is called equilibrium

14. Osmosis  Osmosis is a special form of diffusion that deals with the movement of water.  Osmosis requires a semi- permeable membrane separating two kinds of solutions.  Semi-permeable membranes are membranes that allow some molecules to flow across, but not all.

15. Osmosis  There is a lower water concentration on the left because the solute molecules attract the water molecules.  This attraction pulls water molecules closer, which creates space for more water molecules.  This space decreases the water concentration, because of the increased space.

16. Hypertonic  When the solution named has more solutes, this is called hypertonic

17. Hypotonic  When the solution named has less solutes, this is called hypotonic

18. Isotonic  When the solution named has the same amount of solutes this is called isotonic

19. Water molecules Water Polar head faces out towards water because of the attraction Nonpolar tails face inward so they are protected from water

20. Movement of molecules through membranes made only of phospholipids (phospholipid bilayer) Molecule name Size (large or small) Electric charge (nonpolar, polar charge, or strong charge) Able to cross lipid bilayer membranes between phospholipid molecules? (Yes or No) CO 2 (carbon dioxide) SmallNonpolar YES O2O2 SmallNonpolar YES H2OH2O SmallPolar YES glucose LargePolar NO Ion SmallStrong charge NO

21. Diffusion and Osmosis are examples of…  Passive transport  The movement of molecules across the cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell. (because the molecules are moving down their concentration gradient).

22. Passive transport Simple diffusionFacilitated diffusion Carrier protein Concentration Gradient

23. Facilitated diffusion The movement of molecules across a cell membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration with the assistance of a carrier protein.  Extra ENERGY NOT required

24. Active Transport  Active Transport is the movement of molecules and ions against their concentration gradient which requires energy.  This is done to maintain certain concentrations of small molecules/ions in the cells and maintain certain concentration gradients.

25. Endocytosis and Exocytosis  Exocytosis is the release of large molecules by having a vesicle merge with the outside cellular membrane.  Endocytosis is the process of absorbing large molecules (like proteins) by engulfing them in the cellular membrane.