1. Chapter 19 – The Renaissance Through the Baroque Thinking Ahead: 1. Why does the Renaissance take its name from a word meaning “rebirth”? 2. What distinguishes the style known as Mannerism? 3. What are some defining characteristics of Baroque art and architecture?

2. Chapter Overview The Early Renaissance The High Renaissance The Mannerist Style in Europe The Baroque

3. The Renaissance began at the turn of the 15 th century. The term “Renaissance” refers to a period of revived interest in the arts and sciences of classical antiquity. “Renaissance” literally means “rebirth” and refers to the rebirth of Classical Greek and Roman culture. The Renaissance is distinct from the Middle Ages. The Middle Ages were called as such because they fell in between two peaks of artistic achievements—the classical world and the Renaissance period. The Renaissance

4. Florence became a cultural center of the Renaissance in a large part due to the Medici family.

5. In the 1330s, Petrarch conceived of a philosophy that emphasized the value of the individual and the pursuit and study of classical languages, literature, history, and philosophy. Today we call these disciplines the humanities. The significance of philosophical ideas such as humanism, and its focus on the individual. The role of the artist dramatically changed during the Renaissance. The previous notion of the artist as a skilled craftsperson was elevated into the artist as genius, a highly respected and admired professional. Artist as Genius

6. The Early Renaissance (15 th century) The dramatic shift during this time from God and the hereafter to humankind and the here and now. As a result, subject matter expanded to include both religious and secular art works.

7. Early Renaissance architect Brunelleschi is best known for developing linear perspective and designing the dome over the huge crossing in Florence Cathedral. Florence Cathedral (Santa Maria del Fiore), Italy begun by Arnolfo de Cambio, 1296; dome by Filippo Brunelleschi, 1420–36.

8. Northern European Renaissance artists are set apart from most artists of the Southern Italian Renaissance because of their interest in rendering believable space in realistic detail. Renaissance painters in the north had the benefit of a new painting medium in the first half of the 14 th century. What was it and what were its benefits? The Early Renaissance (15 th century)

9. Rogier van der Weyden. Deposition. c. 1435–38. Oil on wood. 7 ft. 1-5/8 in. × 8 ft. 7-1/8 in.

10. Piero della Francesca. The Flagellation of Christ. c. 1451. Tempera on wood. 32-3/4 × 23-1/3 in.

11. Donatello’s David was the first life-size nude sculpture since antiquity How does Donatello draw upon classical traditions in David? What is this pose called? Donatello. David. c. 1425–30. Bronze. height 62-1/4 in.

12. Botticelli reintroduces mythology as a major subject for art. The first monumental representation of the nude goddess since ancient times. His paintings, such as The Birth of Venus, reflect his interest in a philosophy called Neoplatonism What did the Neoplatonists believe? Sandro Botticelli. The Birth of Venus. c. 1482. Tempera on canvas. 5 ft. 8-7/8 in. × 9 ft. 1-7/8 in.

13. The “Big 3” of the Italian High Renaissance: artists Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael because of their major contributions to art. Achievements taking place in other disciplines such as the sciences, literature, and mathematics. How did the visual artists reflect the achievements taking place in other realms of Renaissance life? The High Renaissance in Italy (late 15 th century /early 16 th century)

14. Leonardo as “Renaissance man” An artist, military engineer, and weapons-designer Leonardo da Vinci. A Scythed Chariot, Armored Car, and Pike. c. 1487. Pen and ink and wash. 6-3/8 × 9-3/4 in.

15. da Vinci’s Mona Lisa is thought to have had appeal to the Renaissance imagination in part because the portrait reveals the personality of the sitter. Leonardo da Vinci. Mona Lisa. c. 1503–05. Oil on wood. 30-1/4 × 21 in.

16. In School of Athens, Raphael represents the 2 significant schools of philosophy, signified by the portrayal of two figures in the center of the composition: Plato and Aristotle Raphael. The School of Athens. 1510–11. Fresco. 19 × 27 ft. Stanza della Senatura, Vatican palace, Rome.

17. Michelangelo Buonarroti. The Last Judgment, “Giudizio Universale,” on altar wall of Sistine Chapel. 1534–41. Fresco.

18. The High Renaissance in Northern Europe (15 th century)

19. Albrecht Dürer. Self-Portrait. 1500. Oil on panel. 26-1/4 × 19-1/4 in. Asserts his sense of the importance of the individual, especially the individual of genius and talent

20. Note Dürer’s use of detailed realism. Demonstrates the Northern Renaissance love for precise and accurate naturalism- the desire to render the world of real things

21. Individualistic and artificial, the Mannerist style is dedicated to technical and imaginative virtuosity. Mannerist artists use bright, clashing colors and represent space in unpredictable and ambiguous ways, departing from the balance and proportion of High Renaissance art. Shallow space, radical foreshortening, distorted or elongated figures, more than one focal point The Mannerist Style in Europe (16 th century)

22. Michelangelo is considered a Mannerist AND High Renaissance artist What makes this work Mannerist? Michelangelo Buonarroti. The Last Judgment, “Giudizio Universale,” on altar wall of Sistine Chapel. 1534–41. Fresco.

23. How does Bronzino’s painting Venus, Cupid, Folly, and Time (The Exposure of Luxury) typify the Mannerist style? Bronzino. Venus, Cupid, Folly, and Time (The Exposure of Luxury). c. 1546. Oil on wood. approximately 61 × 56-3/4 in.

24. How does El Greco represent the human figure? The style of Burial of Count Orgaz is highly eclectic and individual El Greco. The Burial of Count Orgaz. 1586. Oil on canvas. 16 ft. × 11 ft. 10 in.

25. The Baroque style is noted for its theatricality, drama, extravagance, emotionalism, and originality. In Baroque painting, naturalism and strong contrast of light and dark are common. Baroque tendency to define artistic genius increasingly in terms of originality, the creation of things never before seen. The integration of various media in a single work is characteristic of the Baroque. The Baroque (17 th century)

26. How does Francesco Borromini typify the Baroque in San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane? Does he uphold the classical style? How? Francesco Borromini. facade, San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane, Rome. 1665–67.

27. Gianlorenzo Bernini. The Ecstasy of St. Teresa. 1645–52. Cornaro Chapel in Santa Maria della Vittoria, Rome. Marble. life-size.

28. the most influential artist of the Baroque period in Europe Caravaggio - the most influential artist of the Baroque period in Europe Note the strong contrast between light and dark Secularizing religious subjects Caravaggio. The Calling of St. Matthew. c. 1599–1600. Oil on canvas. 11 ft. 1 in. × 11 ft. 5 in.

29. Rembrandt – the greatest master of light and dark of the Baroque period How does Rembrandt van Rijn demonstrate Caravaggio’s influence in Resurrection of Christ? Rembrandt van Rijn. Resurrection of Christ. c. 1635–39. Oil on canvas. 36-1/4 × 26-3/8 in.