2. Emerging Markets Chapter 9 McGraw-Hill/Irwin© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. PowerPoint presentation prepared by: Professor Rajiv Mehta Associate Professor of Marketing New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark, N.J.

3. Chapter Learning Objectives 1. The political and economic changes affecting global marketing. 2. The connection between the economic level of a country and the marketing task 3. Marketing’s contribution to the growth and development of a country’s economy

4. Chapter Learning Objectives 5. The political and economic factors that affect stability of regional market groups 4. The growth of developing markets and their importance to regional trade 6. The NIC growth factors and their role in economic development

5. Introduction Not many years ago, many countries were hostile toward foreign investment and imposed severe regulatory barriers to foreign trade However, now they seek economic growth, improved standards of living, and an opportunity for the good life most people want as part of the global consumer world China, South Korea, Poland, Argentina, Brazil, ­Mexico, and India are some of the countries undergoing impressive changes in their economies and emerging as vast markets.

6. Marketing and Economic Development The economic level of a country is the single most important environmental element to which the foreign marketer must adjust the marketing task The stage of economic growth within a country affects the attitudes toward foreign business activity, the demand for goods, the distribution systems found within a country, and the entire marketing process Marketing is constantly faced with the challenge of detecting and providing for new levels of consumption, and marketing efforts must be matched with ever-changing market needs and wants. Economic development is generally results in an increase in the average per capita gross domestic product (GDP) or gross national income (GNI)

7. Gross National Income (GNI) is defined as the sum of value added by all producers who are residents in a nation, plus any product taxes (minus subsidies) not included in output, plus income received from abroad such as employee compensation and property income.

8. Stages of Economic Development: United Nations Classification Scheme United Nations classifies a country’s stage of economic development based on its level of industrialization into three categories: (1)MDCs (more-developed countries), e.g., Canada, England, France, Germany, Japan, and the United States. (2) LDCs (less-developed countries), e.g., countries in Asia and Latin America (3) LLDCs (least-developed countries), e.g., countries in Central Africa and parts of Asia (1)MDCs (more-developed countries), e.g., Canada, England, France, Germany, Japan, and the United States. (2) LDCs (less-developed countries), e.g., countries in Asia and Latin America (3) LLDCs (least-developed countries), e.g., countries in Central Africa and parts of Asia

9. Bangladesh’s per capita income rises to $1,314 The per capita income in Bangladesh has risen from $1,190 to $1,314, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) says. The figure emerged from an analysis of data pertaining to the first nine months (July-March) of the 2014-15 financial year. The data also revealed that the Bangladesh GDP grew at 6.51 percent in the current fiscal.

10. Countries that are experiencing rapid economic expansion and industrialization and do not exactly fit as LDCs or MDCs are more typically referred to as newly industrialized countries (NICs), e.g., Chile, Brazil, Mexico, South Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan NIC Growth Factors Some factors that contributed to economic growth of NICs are: 1.Political stability in policies affecting their development 2.Economic and legal reforms 3.Entrepreneurship 4.Planning 5.Outward orientation 6.Factors of production 7.Industries targeted for growth Software Technology Park opens for IT start-upsSoftware Technology Park opens for IT start-ups 8.Incentives to force a high domestic rate of s00avings 9.Privatization of state-owned enterprises (SOE.s)

11. BRICS is the acronym for an association of five major emerging national economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. [] The grouping was originally known as "BRIC" before the inclusion of South Africa in 2010. The BRICS members are all developing or newly industrialised countries, but they are distinguished by their large, fast-growing economies and significant influence on regional and global affairsacronymemerging national economies []BRICdeveloping or newly industrialised

13. Potential members Indonesia and Turkey have expressed strong interest in full membership of the BRICS, while Egypt, Argentina, Iran, Nigeria, Sudan, Syria and most recently Bangladesh and Greece have also expressed interest in joining BRICSIndonesiaTurkeyEgyptArgentinaIran NigeriaSudanSyria BangladeshGreece

14. Information Technology, the Internet, and Economic Development In addition to the growth factors previously discussed, a country’s investment in information technology (IT) is an important key to economic growth. The cellular phone, the Internet, and other advances in IT open opportunities for emerging economies to catch up with richer ones. New, innovative electronic technologies can be the key to a sustainable future for developed and developing nations alike. Mobile phones and other wireless technologies greatly reduce the need to lay down a costly telecom infrastructure to bring telephone service to areas not now served. The Internet allows for innovative services at a relatively inexpensive cost.

15. Infrastructure and Development One indicator of economic development is the extent of social overhead capital, or infrastructure, within the economy. Countries begin to lose economic development ground when their infrastructure cannot support an expanding population and economy Infrastructure represents those types of capital goods that serve the activities of many industries. Included in a country’s infrastructure are paved roads, railroads, seaports, communications networks, and energy supplies—all necessary to support production and marketing Infrastructure represents those types of capital goods that serve the activities of many industries. Included in a country’s infrastructure are paved roads, railroads, seaports, communications networks, and energy supplies—all necessary to support production and marketing

16. Marketing in a Developing Country A marketer cannot superimpose a sophisticated marketing strategy on an underdeveloped economy In evaluating the potential in a developing country, the marketer must make an assessment of the existing level of market development within the country A marketer cannot superimpose a sophisticated marketing strategy on an underdeveloped economy In evaluating the potential in a developing country, the marketer must make an assessment of the existing level of market development within the country The level of market development roughly parallels the stages of economic development As countries develop, the distribution and channel systems develop Advertising agencies, facilities for marketing research, repair services, specialized consumer-financing agencies, and storage and warehousing facilities are facilitating agencies created to serve the particular needs of expanded markets and economies The level of market development roughly parallels the stages of economic development As countries develop, the distribution and channel systems develop Advertising agencies, facilities for marketing research, repair services, specialized consumer-financing agencies, and storage and warehousing facilities are facilitating agencies created to serve the particular needs of expanded markets and economies

18. Developing Countries and Big Emerging Markets Big emerging markets share a number of important traits as follows: 1.Are all physically large 2.Have significant populations 3.Represent considerable markets for a wide range of products 4.Have strong rates of growth or the potential for significant growth 5.Have undertaken significant programs of economic reform 6.Are of major political importance within their regions 7.Are “regional economic drivers” 8.Will engender further expansion in neighboring markets as they grow

24. Strategic Implications for Marketing As a country develops, incomes change, population concentrations shift, expectations for a better life adjust to higher standards, new infrastructures evolve, and social capital investments are made Market behavior changes and eventually groups of consumers with common tastes and needs (i.e., market segments) arise When incomes rise, new demand is generated at all income levels for everything from soap to automobiles This means that knowledge of stage of market development is important in helping to develop marketing strategies that are tailored to the level of economic development