1. LIVING STANDARDS Human Development Report : 3 measures: adult literacy (people who can read); life expectancy; and the per capita GDP For each of the last 6 years of the 20 th century, Canada ranked first overall on the Human Development Index.

2. THE DIVIDED PLANET Developed = industrialized, people well- housed, healthy, and educated; infrastructure – transportation and communication links, electric-power distribution systems, schools, and hospitals – were well-developed. Underdeveloped = few schools, doctors, and hospitals; roads mainly unpaved; few railways; few people had telephones; only cities had electrical power.

3. Highly indebted poor countries (HIPCs) = most of the countries at the bottom of the UN Human Development Index in debt to developed nations

4. Comparing Living Standards The developed world has accounting systems that can determine the level of industrialization, value of services, exports and imports. Developing economies have many people who make goods at home and trade them in local communities; money may not be used. This makes it impossible to measure output. If the wealth of the country is not shared among the people, the average income figure does not reflect the standard of living for the majority. e.g. Saudi Arabia – the average per capita income is $9000 (U.S.) because of income from the sale of oil resources. However, the wealth from these sales goes to a few very wealthy families.

5. Measuring Poverty The World Bank sets the absolute poverty line in developing countries at less than one dollar per person per day – estimates that 1.3 billion people live below the poverty line.. 1999 – National Council of Welfare redefined living in poverty as spending more than 56% of a person’s or family’s income on the necessities of life, such as food, shelter, and clothing. found that 17.2% of Canadians, or 5.1 million people, lived below the poverty line in 1998

6. THE POVERTY TRAP 1. Almost 800 million people in developing countries are starving or malnourished. Yet, the world produces enough food to feed all 6 billion people an adequate diet. 2. For many of the poor, the problem is not being able to purchase the food that is available. 3. Farmers who do not own their own land and migrant laborers are the first to feel the effects of droughts, crop failures, or economic downturns.

7. Working Children Abandoned children in cities live by their wits, begging, stealing, or selling sex. 1996 – the International Labour Organization (ILO) reported that 250 million children between the ages of 5 and 14 were working, ½ of them in full-time jobs. Nearly 153 million children were working in Asia, 80 million in Africa and 17.5 million in Latin America.

8. 1. Approximately 540 million children in the world live in dangerous and unstable situations. 2. Civil wars, land mines, ethnic cleansing, and other dangers affect children and their mothers. 3. According to the 1999 Amnesty International report, In the Firing Line, there were at least 300 000 children and young adults under the age of 18 who were actively engaged in 36 armed conflicts around the world, many of them in Africa. 4. In wars in Sudan and Somalia, 11- and 12-year-olds have been involved in battle. Children at War

9. Working Children In Asia, child prostitutes number about 1 million. International sex networks take Latin American children and Southern Asian children to Europe and the Middle East. There are no labour laws that regulate safety conditions or the hours that children work. Craig Kielburger is a Canadian activist for the rights of children.

10. Clean Water: A Basic Health Need An estimated 1.2 billion people around the world lack safe water, a figure that is expected to double by 2025. Irrigation for agriculture takes the largest share of water supplies in the developing world, much of it used for growing crops for export.

11. Clean Water: A Basic Health Need The World Health Organization estimates that 80% of the world’s diseases are caused in some way by contaminated water. Breeding ground for cholera, typhoid, malaria, leprosy, and bilharzia Bilharzias – widespread waterborne disease in Africa. Parasites in contaminated water enter the body through ingestion or cuts, and breed near the liver or bladder. Damage to the liver affects the blood and urine, resulting in loss of energy and anaemia.

12. World Health Issues Identify three of the leading infectious diseases affecting the world today. The world’s leading infectious diseases are HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria. Why does urbanization magnify the effects of infectious diseases? Urbanization leads to more people living in overcrowded and unhygienic conditions, which are breeding grounds for infectious diseases. Urbanization also leads to a rise in sex industries, intravenous drug use, and black market access to antibiotics whose overuse or misuse contributes to the emergence of resistant diseases.

13. How does the increased level of global mobility affect the spread of infectious diseases? The increased level of global mobility means that disease- producing organisms can be transported within hours from one continent to another. Identify some of the factors which have led to the global spread of HIV. HIV has spread due to social changes such as African urbanization, intravenous drug use, homosexual activity, rape as a tool of ethnic cleansing, and the growth of the blood products industry.

14. Why are infectious diseases considered to be the greatest threat to developing countries? Infectious diseases pose a great threat because their presence can lead to chronic underdevelopment which may exert a net drag on global trade and impair global prosperity. Infectious diseases also impede worker productivity due to premature death, they undermine state prosperity, they foster internal migration and emigration, they threaten a state’s ability to defend itself, they generate institutional fragility, and they undermine the legitimacy of authority structures. What steps has the World Health Organization taken to curb the spread of infectious diseases? The WHO has established surveillance programs and collaborative programs such as UNAIDS. It has also provided technical assistance and implemented vaccination campaigns. The WHO is seeking to eradicate diseases that are close to being eliminated, to deal with old diseases that present new problems of resistance, and to research methods of control and vaccines for new diseases.

15. Why doesn’t the pharmaceutical industry invest more in drugs to address infectious diseases in developing countries? The pharmaceutical industry is primarily concerned with making money, and developing countries are not a lucrative market. Why hasn’t the research on HIV benefited the developing world? The research on HIV has so far benefited only the developed world because the results have proven too expensive for less developed countries.

16. Foreign Aid Multilateral aid is funded by a number of governments, and usually involves large-scale programs like dam building. Bilateral aid goes directly from one country to another

17. Canada’s Foreign Aid Program tied aid: given with conditions attached Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) - distributes aid projects through UN agencies, directly to governments, and through NGOs. NGO: projects often provide direct assistance to people. Initiatives range from well-known, large organizations such as the Red Cross and Doctors without Borders to smaller groups dealing with local projects.