1. ConfucianismConfucianism

2. Confucius Circa 551- 479 BCE Circa 551- 479 BCE K’ung Fu-Tzu K’ung Fu-Tzu Born in small state of Lu Born in small state of Lu Humble upbringing Humble upbringing Held a couple of minor public positions Held a couple of minor public positions Junior post at Lu court Junior post at Lu court Spent 10 years traveling Spent 10 years traveling Confucius

3. Analects 3 rd century BCE 3 rd century BCE Confucius’s teachings in the form of conversations Confucius’s teachings in the form of conversations Used anecdotes and allusions Used anecdotes and allusions Example: Example: “When the stables were burnt down, on returning to from court, Confucius said, ‘Was anyone hurt?’ He did not ask about the horses.”

4. Confucian Social Philosophy Hierarchy of relationships Hierarchy of relationships 5 Relationships 5 Relationships Relationships created social expectations Relationships created social expectations Stressed strong family loyalty Stressed strong family loyalty Right conduct according to status one of most important considerations Right conduct according to status one of most important considerations Lĭ Lĭ “Golden Rule” “Golden Rule”

5. Confucian Political Philosophy Men are by nature good and have innate moral sense Men are by nature good and have innate moral sense Supported idea of all-powerful Emperor Supported idea of all-powerful Emperor Rule by example Rule by example “jun jun chen chen fu fu zi zi” “jun jun chen chen fu fu zi zi” Actuality must correspond with the name Actuality must correspond with the name A lord should lord, a minister should minister, a father should father, and a son should son A lord should lord, a minister should minister, a father should father, and a son should son

6. Confucian Political Philosophy “If the people be led by laws, and uniformity among them be sought by punishment, they will try to escape punishment and have no sense of shame. If they are led by virtue, and uniformity sought among them through practice of ritual propriety, they will possess a sense of shame and come to you of their own accord.” (Analects)

7. Imperial Confucianism Confucianism became the established orthodoxy during the Han Dynasty Confucianism became the established orthodoxy during the Han Dynasty Han Wudi saw education as a mean to strengthen the upper class Han Wudi saw education as a mean to strengthen the upper class Lost some of its doctrinal purity Lost some of its doctrinal purity Combined with elements of Legalism Combined with elements of Legalism 125 BCE – Imperial Academy founded and the Five Classics become basis of civil service exam 125 BCE – Imperial Academy founded and the Five Classics become basis of civil service exam

8. 5 Key Relationships Ruler-ruled Ruler-ruled Older bro- younger bro Older bro- younger bro Parent-Child Parent-Child Husband-wife Husband-wife Friend-friend Friend-friend

9. Taoism

10. Lao Tzu Legend Born 6 th century BC Born 6 th century BC Mother carried him in her womb for 72 years Mother carried him in her womb for 72 years Worked as a archives keeper in the Zhou imperial court Worked as a archives keeper in the Zhou imperial court Older contemporary of Confucius Older contemporary of Confucius Retires and leaves home by water buffalo Retires and leaves home by water buffalo At border, guard tells him to write down his teachings At border, guard tells him to write down his teachings Writes the Tao Te Ching Writes the Tao Te Ching Lived more than 200 years Lived more than 200 years Lao-Tzu on His Buffalo

11. Taoist Philosophy Flourished among common people Flourished among common people Tao – “the way,” “the path” Tao – “the way,” “the path” “Tao is the unproduced Producer of all that is” “Tao is the unproduced Producer of all that is” Happiness is achieved by becoming one with the Tao Happiness is achieved by becoming one with the Tao Wu-wei Wu-wei Emphasizes non-dualistic thinking Emphasizes non-dualistic thinking

12. Taoism During Tang Dynasty Taoism gained official status Taoism gained official status Emperors claimed to be descendants of Lao Tzu Emperors claimed to be descendants of Lao Tzu Tao Te Ching added to list of classics to be studied for the imperial exam Tao Te Ching added to list of classics to be studied for the imperial exam Daoist Shrine

13. “When the Tao is Lost there is virtue When virtue is lost there is humaneness When humaneness is lost there is rightness And when rightness is lost there is propriety Now ‘propriety’ is the external appearance of loyalty and sincerity And the beginning of disorder” (Tao Te Ching)

14. Neo-Confucianism Reform of Confucianism during Song Dynasty Reform of Confucianism during Song Dynasty Zhu Xi combined aspects of Taoism and Buddhism with Confucianism Zhu Xi combined aspects of Taoism and Buddhism with Confucianism Added more metaphysical aspect to Confucianism Added more metaphysical aspect to Confucianism Selected Four Books as containing the essence of Confucianism Selected Four Books as containing the essence of Confucianism Four Books eventually became Imperial orthodoxy Four Books eventually became Imperial orthodoxy

15. Three Vinegar Tasters Scroll Painting Three Vinegar Tasters

16. Works Consulted Bary, Theodore. "Confucianism." The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. New York: Oxford UP, 1997. Bary, Theodore, Wing-Tsit Chan, and Burton Watson, comps. Sources of Chinese Tradition. Vol. 1. New York: Columbia UP, 1960. Chung-yuan, Chang. "Taoism." The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. New York: Oxford UP, 1997. Fairbank, John K., and Merle Goldman. China: a New History. Cambridge: Belknap P of Havard UP, 1998. Noebel, David A. "The Religion of Secular Humanism." Free Inquiry Fall 1996. Questia. 28 Sept. 2006. Riegel, Jeffrey. "Confucius." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 5 Sept. 2006. 28 Sept. 2006. "Taoism." The New Encyclopaedia Britannica. 15th ed. 2003. Tzu, Lao. Tao Te Ching. New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 2005. Weiss, Julian. "The Next Step Forward - the Great Trilogy," World and I Mar. 2000: 194, Questia, 2 Oct. 2006.

17. Image Bibliography Confucius. Wikipedia. 1 Oct. 2006. Daoist Shrine. The British Museum. The British Museum. 2 Oct. 2006. Lao-Tzu on His Buffalo. Art.com. 1 Oct. 2006. Lao-Tzu on His Buffalo. Art.com. 1 Oct. 2006. Three Vinegar Tasters Scroll Painting. Shanghai. Edepot. 2 Oct. 2006.