2. Political Transformations in East Asia During the Post-Classical Era / Learning Goals: 1. Discuss the political transformations that took place in East Asia during the Postclassical Period (600 C.E. – 1450 C.E.), citing at least four specific pieces of evidence. 2. Discuss the extent to which these political transformations were “holdovers” from the Classical Period (600 B.C.E. – 600 C.E.) and which were new forms of states that emerged during this period, citing at least four specific pieces of evidence. / Learning Goals: 1. Discuss the political transformations that took place in East Asia during the Postclassical Period (600 C.E. – 1450 C.E.), citing at least four specific pieces of evidence. 2. Discuss the extent to which these political transformations were “holdovers” from the Classical Period (600 B.C.E. – 600 C.E.) and which were new forms of states that emerged during this period, citing at least four specific pieces of evidence.

3. Historical Context The decline of Classical civilizations created a power vacuum in East Asia; people had to recover from this (and plague) and readjust What’s changed? Examine the maps that follow! The decline of Classical civilizations created a power vacuum in East Asia; people had to recover from this (and plague) and readjust What’s changed? Examine the maps that follow!

4. 3 Sui China Silla Parhae Yamoto Japan Harsha’ Empire Chalukya Avar Kingdom Frankish Kingdoms Ghana Axum Sassanid Empire Byzantine Empire States and Empires in 600 CE

5. 4 Ghana Carolingian Byzantine Abbasid Caliphate Axum Gurjara- Pratihara Tang China Srivijaya Parhae Silla Cordoba Caliphate Heian Japan States and Empires in 800 CE

6. 5 Mongol Empire Russia Sung China Koryo Kamakura Japan Delhi Sultanate Scandanavian Kingdoms Mali Zimbabwe Benin Oyo France Ethiopi a Ayyubid Caliphate Almohad Caliphate Polan d Rum H.R.E. Hungary England Portugal Spain States and Empires in 1237 CE States and Empires in 1237 CE Angkor

7. 6 Mali Oyo Benin Zimbabwe Zanj City-States Ethiopia Vijayanagara Siam Majapahit Ashikaga Japan Korea Marinids Hafsids Mamluk Sultanate Granada PortugalCastile France Scotland England Union of Kalmar Holy Roman Empire Poland- Lithuani a Hungary Ottoman Emp. Russian States Khanate of the Golden Horde Jagatai Khanate Ming China Timurid Empire States and Empires in 1400 CE

8. State-Building: Basic Questions / 1. What form of government was established? / 2. How were borders defended? / 3. How were the land, resources, and people exploited to meet the needs of the State? / 1. What form of government was established? / 2. How were borders defended? / 3. How were the land, resources, and people exploited to meet the needs of the State?

9. Two Great Dynasties in China / During the Tang (618- 907) and Song (960-1279) dynasties, China becomes the richest, powerful, and most advanced country in the world.

10. / Main Idea: / Tang and Song China experienced an era of prosperity and technological innovation. / Main Idea: / Tang and Song China experienced an era of prosperity and technological innovation. / Why it Matters Now: / Chinese inventions from this period, such as printing, gunpowder, and the compass, changed history.

11. / The Tang Dynasty World View: / The Song Dynasty World View: / looks east towards the sea / west along the Silk Road

12. The Resurgence of Empire in China The Sui, Tang, and Song

13. Government unified the coinage, nationalized the mints and standardized weights and measures. Tiger Hill Pagoda Sui Dynasty (589-618) Sui unite China after 400 years of internal division Led by Sui Wendi and Sui Yangdi Established capital city at Chang’an Used Daoism and Buddhism as common identity to unite the empire – appointed monks to high political positions and built monasteries Led extensive public works projects – Strict Rule Emperor Sui Wendi

14. The Sui Dynasty lasted from 580-618 A.D Created the "land equalization system". While controlling the possession of the land by the rich, this law provided for land distribution to all families on the basis of the number of the people in each household.

15. Sui Dynasty (589-618) The Grand Canal 1,400 mile canal that connected the Yellow River in the north to the Yangtze River in the south. Helped to transport grain and rice from the south to the densely populated north. Increased communications Rapid dispatch of troops Highway for inspection – used “Dragon boats” The Grand Canal created an economic foundation for political and cultural unity

16. Sui Dynasty (589-618)

17. Fall of the Sui Sui Emperor was a tyrannical ruler Expensive military campaigns, high taxes and forced labor aroused widespread unrest Failed campaign against Korea in 618 led to revolt In 618, a disgruntled minister assassinated Emperor Sui Yangdi Emperor Sui Yangdi

18. TangDynasty (618-907) Rise of the Tang Li Yuan, a general in the Sui Army, seized the capital city of Chang’an and proclaimed himself the New Emperor. His Son, Li Shimin soon took over and assumed the name Tang Taizong, the Grand Emperor Tang launched a program of internal renewal and external expansion that would make it one of the greatest dynasties in Chinese history!

19. To answer this question we must go back to the Han Dynasty. The Han Chinese had settled parts of Northern China and intermingled and married with the local Turkic peoples. The Tang rulers and nobility were descendents of the Turkic elites and Chinese officials who settled there in the time of the Han. Where did the Tang rulers and nobles come from?

21. They continued the Confucian system of examining candidates for bureaucratic office. But they also appreciated the Turkic culture of Central Asia. Much of what we recognize as Tang art was heavily influenced by the Turkic peoples. Camels and horses used in the Silk Route trade were the favorite subjects for artists.

22. In warfare, the Tang combined Chinese and Turkic weapons and tactics: They used Chinese crossbows and armored infantry men - combined with Turkish horsemanship and iron stirrups. The Tang military reached its peak from about 650-751, when they were defeated in Central Asia by an Arab Muslim army at the Battle of the Talas River.

23. Imperial Government / Based on Confucian ideals and teachings / Activity: Primary Source Analysis - / Tang Taizong on Effective Government Directions: Read & answer questions for each of the excerpts given to you. Be prepared to share and discuss your answers in class. / Based on Confucian ideals and teachings / Activity: Primary Source Analysis - / Tang Taizong on Effective Government Directions: Read & answer questions for each of the excerpts given to you. Be prepared to share and discuss your answers in class.

24. Tang Dynasty (618-918) Political Three Keys to success 1.Maintenance of transportation and communication networks 2.Reliance on a bureaucracy based on merit, a meritocracy using the civil service exams 3.Revival of Han Confucianism: Created a foundation for stability and prosperity for the Chinese people

25. Tang Dynasty (618-918) Government inspired by Confucianism Three Keys to success 1.Maintenance of transportation and communication networks 2.Distribution of land – Equal-field system, only 1/5 th of property was the hereditary possession of a family 3.Reliance on a bureaucracy based on merit, a meritocracy using the civil service exams Revival of Han Confucianism: Created a foundation for stability and prosperity for the Chinese people

26. Economic System: Canals: Grand Canal connected Yellow River and Yangtze River. Allowed grains in south to be shipped to north. Expanded Trade: Tang merchants traded with India, Persia, and the Middle East. Chinese became expert shipbuilders and a naval power. This led to a huge influx of precious metal into China – a trend that would continue until the 19 th century. Land Reform – Equal-field system, redistributed land to peasants. Chang’an (Xian) had a population of over 1 million people making it one of if not the largest city in the world. Tang Dynasty (618-918)

27. Located near the Silk Route, the capital of the Tang Dynasty became an important city in both the political and economic spheres. Foreigners, resided in special compounds. These included living accommodations, and general stores. By the end of the Tang period, West Asians in Chang’an numbered over 100,000. In the main part of the city, restaurants, inns, temples, mosques and street stalls were kept very busy. At curfew, commoners returned to their neighborhoods which were enclosed by brick walls and wooden gates. The game of Polo was imported from Persia.

28. Tang Dynasty (618-918) Chang’an restored the glory of of the Han Dynasty. Possibly the greatest city of the world of its time.

29. Expansion of the Tang Dynasty Territorially, the Tang Empire ranks among the largest in Chinese history

31. Because of the Grand Canal and other government projects for shipping grain and other goods, the Tang Dynasty had the strongest economy of the time period. Even in its decline, Tang exports far outnumbered imports from South Asia, West Asia, Europe and Africa combined. This led to a huge influx of precious metal into China – a trend that would continue until the 19 th century.

32. Buddhist Carvings along the Silk Route by Tang Artists.

33. Tang Dynasty (618-918) Empress Wu – (649-705) Wu Zetian became the first and only woman to be Emperor – supported Buddhism. Began a campaign to elevate the position of women. Said that the ideal ruler was one who ruled like a mother does over her children. Meritocracy - Civil Service exams- best people ran the government and were treated fairly. Reduced the army's size and stopped the influence of aristocratic military men. Fairness to peasants- lowering taxes, raising agricultural production, and strengthening public works. How did Empress Wu challenge the traditions of Confucianism?

34. The Golden Age Artistic, Technological and Industrial Developments Gunpowder and Rockets Moveable Type Chinese junks Porcelain - Chinaware Landscape art

35. Other reasons for decline Equal land system breaks down Persecution of Buddhism Poor attention to canal & irrigation systems Nomadic alliances and attacks Decline of the Tang Dynasty Emperor Xuanzong ( Empress Wu’s grandson) Ruled for 44 years Patron of arts Began to neglect the people and engaged in pleasure seeking lifestyle Decline due to lack of morality? Government corruption He was forced to abdicate his power

36. Song Dynasty (960-1279) The Rainbow Bridge Political System: 907-960 saw the fragmentation of China into five northern dynasties and ten southern kingdoms Song Taizu united much of the former Tang Dynasty Moved capital to Huangzhou in the south Centralized government, limited the military, and expanded the Bureaucracy, offered many political positions with generous salaries Civil Service Exams Used Neo-Confucianism as basis of political system

37. Neo-Confucianism Song Confucian tradition differed from previous dynasties United Metaphysical aspects of Buddhism and Daoism with the pragmatic Confucian approach to society. Incorporated Buddhist writings that also dealt with issues such as nature of the soul, an individuals place in the cosmos, and other issues. Illustrates deep influence of Buddhism Shaped Korea, Vietnam, and Japan The Neo-Confucians saw Buddhism as a threat to the social and political order as well as a threat to their (scholar-gentry) authority. Buddhism, with its emphasis on egalitarianism and finding one’s own way to one’s own salvation was deemed a threat to the authority of the state and a disruption of the social order that developed under traditional Confucianism. In order to show the importance that Confucianism would have in the Song Dynasty, the government began an expensive and massive project to restore Confucian temples around the empire. This is more astounding when one remembers that the maintaining of temples was the responsibility of the local population.

38. An imperial Confucius Temple in modern Hangzhou The government began an expensive and massive project to restore Confucian temples around the empire – was the responsibility of local population.

39. The most influential of these philosophers, whose synthesis of Confucian thought and Buddhist, Taoist, and other ideas became the official imperial ideology from late Song times to the late nineteenth century. As incorporated into the examination system, Zhu Xi's philosophy evolved into a rigid official creed, which stressed the one-sided obligations of obedience and compliance of subject to ruler, child to father, wife to husband, and younger brother to elder brother. The effect was to inhibit the societal development of premodern China, resulting both in many generations of political, social, and spiritual stability and in a slowness of cultural and institutional change up to the nineteenth century. Zhu Xi (1130-1200)

40. What is Neo-Confucianism and why did it occur? Neo-Confucianism is an attempt to broaden the topics and depth of the philosophy. Traditional Confucianism devoted most of its time to the development of sound governmental theory and state building. Neo-Confucianism expanded into what the West would call metaphysics, human nature and the world order. This was an attempt to curtail the growing influence of Daoism and especially Buddhism.

41. The Exam System Like previous dynasties, the Song wanted the best people possible for government positions. They continued and revamped the traditional exam system. They made the recruiting system more egalitarian so they could attract the best and brightest from all segments of the population. The three levels were: 1.the prefectural examination 2."department" or metropolitan examination 3.the last step was the palace examination

42. Song Dynasty (960-1279) New developments in rice cultivation, especially the introduction of new strains from what is now Central Vietnam, spectacularly increased rice yields. As a result the population, which had never before exceeded 60 million, grew to 100 million by 1127. Led to Urbanization. By the end of the Song, 2/3 to 3/4 of the Chinese population is concentrated below the Yangtze. Two men walking into a Chinese Tavern

43. Song Dynasty (960-1279) Rise of the Merchant The basic unit of payment was copper coins strung on a string, but these were heavy and cumbersome for use in large- scale transactions. The Song solution was to print paper money Rural markets, as well as cities and towns, facilitated the exchange of goods and services. Some of the products on sale in this city depicted in the scroll would have come from nearby farms, but others came from far away. International maritime trade also flourished during this time. Quanzhou in the Fujian region became a major center of trade with Southeast and South Asia, as well as with Korea and Japan. Paper Money

44. Culture Made refinements in the ideal of the universal man combined the qualities of scholar, poet, painter, and statesman Song intellectuals sought answers to all philosophical and political questions in the Confucian Classics. This renewed interest in the Confucianism coincided with the decline of Buddhism Seen as offering few practical guidelines for the solution of political and other mundane problems.

46. North & Southern Song

47. Scholar-gentry class dominates abuses in civil service exam develop Heavy dependence on growth of civilian government at expense of military By 1127, the Song court could not push back the Northern nomadic invaders Surrounded by north ‘empires’ (Jurchin’) Invasion of Mongols from North 1279 Start of Yuan (Mongol Dynasty) Decline of the Song

48. / The Tang Dynasty World View: / The Song Dynasty World View: / looks east towards the sea / west along the Silk Road

49. Economic Development / Agricultural improvements / Increased trade (internal & external) / Technological advances / Development of market economy / Agricultural improvements / Increased trade (internal & external) / Technological advances / Development of market economy

50. Agriculture / imported fast- ripening rice from Vietnam

51. Agriculture / imported fast- ripening rice from Vietnam / allowed two crops each season instead of one / imported fast- ripening rice from Vietnam / allowed two crops each season instead of one

52. Agriculture / imported fast- ripening rice from Vietnam / allowed two crops each season instead of one / fueled population increase / imported fast- ripening rice from Vietnam / allowed two crops each season instead of one / fueled population increase

53. Trade/Foreign Contacts / Silk Road / west; Tang Dynasty / ocean ships / east, Song Dynasty / Korea / Japan / India / Persian Gulf / east Africa / Silk Road / west; Tang Dynasty / ocean ships / east, Song Dynasty / Korea / Japan / India / Persian Gulf / east Africa

54. Commercial Expansion Naval technology (junks)= growth of overseas trade Huge markets, expansion of commerce leads to innovation (flying money) Rapid urban growth

55. Chinese junk vs. Santa Maria

56. Inventions of Tang and Song China

57. Science and Technology / mathematics flourished

58. Science and Technology / mathematics flourished / adopted the use of algebra and the concept of zero / mathematics flourished / adopted the use of algebra and the concept of zero

59. Science and Technology / mathematics flourished / adopted the use of algebra and the concept of zero / invented movable type / mathematics flourished / adopted the use of algebra and the concept of zero / invented movable type

60. Science and Technology / mathematics flourished / adopted the use of algebra and the concept of zero / invented movable type / developed gunpowder / mathematics flourished / adopted the use of algebra and the concept of zero / invented movable type / developed gunpowder

61. Society & Culture / Social Structure: Emperor & Ruling Court Gentry – scholar/officials Peasants Merchants & Artisans Review Question: Although merchants and artisans gained great wealth and influence, why were they still considered to be lower than peasants?

62. Under the Tang and Song, China was a well-ordered society. At is head was the emperor, whose court was filled with aristocratic families. suzan-abrams.blogspot.com

63. The court supervised a huge bureaucracy from which officials fanned out to every part of China. Aside from the court, China’s two main social classes were the gentry and the peasantry. ichina.org.uk

64. Most scholar-officials at court came from the gentry, or wealthy-landowning class. They alone could afford to spend years studying the Confucian classics in order to pass the grueling civil service exam. factsanddetails.com

65. Most Chinese were peasants who worked the land, living on what they produced. Drought and famine were a constant threat, but new tools and crops did improve the lives of many peasants. 7j2012.blogspot.com

66. Some merchants acquired vast wealth. Still, according to Confucian tradition, merchants had an even lower social status than peasants because their riches came from the labor of others. smashalloldthings.blogspot.com

67. Family & Society Position of women initially climbs, then rapidly falls during late Song Stressed: Authority of elders Subordination of women Marriage alliances

68. Footbinding Originates in the palace of the last king of the Tang Dynasty continued even when it was banned by the Manchurian Qing Dynasty (1644-1911). In remote mountainous areas, women still had their feet bound even when the New China was founded in 1949.

69. Footbinding is a tradition that evolved in the concept of "ideal image" including beauty, marriage and sex. It was considered charming, showed a sense of class, and was the symbol of chastity in most Chinese cultures. It was believed to promote health and fertility, although in the reality the tradition was painful and virtually crippling. It was a way to keep women in seclusion, which made them more dependent on others and less useful around the house. Footbinding

70. The most popular and stylish type of foot binding shoes were known as "golden lotus“ or "lotus shoes". The term "golden lotus" emerged in the southern Tang dynasty around 920 AD where the emperor Li Yu ordered his favorite concubine, Fragrant Girl, to bind her feet with silk bands and dance on a golden lotus platform decorated with pearls and gems. Also this term is a synonym for bound feet. Most lotus shoes were beautifully embroidered and about three inches long ("lotus shoes"). The lotus shoes are known to be lovely and alluring to the male population in China. Footbinding

71. When asked about the purpose of footbinding the overwhelming majority of women responded very plainly that without bound feet it was impossible to find a husband. A normal footed woman was commonly viewed as a freak of nature, and with unbound feet her pain overflowed into not 1,000, but 5,000 buckets of tears. She was considered lewd and unrefined, often subject to mockery and the brunt of village ridicule. At times in certain areas such women were so rare and unbelievable they were thought to exist only in myth. Women of the upper classes could never have imagined finding a husband of equal status without binding their feet, and if a normal footed woman of a lower class could not find a suitable mate among her economic peers, she could hope for no more than to be sold into slavery or service to those who did bind. "If a girls’ feet are not bound, they go here and there with unfitting associates" stated a 17 th century writer. The women of the wealthy villages are more involved with footbinding than the poor. It began in the late Tang Dynasty (618-906) and gradually spread through the upper class during the Song Dynasty (960-1297). It lasted approximately one thousand years. Footbinding

72. Although foot-binding is no longer practiced, many women with bound feet are still alive. Author Beverley Jackson photographed this woman in Yunan Province in 1997.

75. Similarities and Differences between the Tang and Song dynasties Similarities 1. The bureaucracy continued to grow during each dynasty. 2. The scholar-gentry dominated Chinese life politically and intellectually. Differences 1. Song China was geographically smaller in size than China under the Tang dynasty. 2. Song China had greater difficulty controlling the nomadic groups in the North (e.g., the KhitanMongols in Manchuria). 3. Song China often had to pay tribute to these nomadic states whereas the Tang didn’t. 4. The military decline experienced by China under the Song reinforced the aristocracy’s lack of power over the scholar-gentry class. 5. The failure of Wang Anshi’sreforms during the Song dynasty helped contribute to China’s eventual military collapse.

76. State Building in China During the Post-Classical Era / A. Which aspects of Tang and Song China were “holdovers” from classical China (Han)? / B. Which aspects of Tang and Song China were “new and improved” versions of state building in Han China? / A. Which aspects of Tang and Song China were “holdovers” from classical China (Han)? / B. Which aspects of Tang and Song China were “new and improved” versions of state building in Han China?

77. By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

78. Yamato Period: 300-710 “Great Kings” era Began promoting the adoption of Chinese culture: a Confucianism. a Language (kanji characters). a Buddhist sects. a Chinese art & architecture. a Government structure. Began promoting the adoption of Chinese culture: a Confucianism. a Language (kanji characters). a Buddhist sects. a Chinese art & architecture. a Government structure.

79. Prince Shotoku: 573-621  Adopted Chinese culture and Confucianism. a Buddhist sects allowed to develop. a Created a new government structure:  17 Article Constitution in 604. 

80. Heian Period: 794-1156 Characteristics: a Growth of large landed estates. a Arts & literature of China flourished. a Elaborate court life [highly refined]  ETIQUETTE.  ETIQUETTE.  a Personal diaries e The Pillow Book by Sei Shonagon [10c] a Great novel  The Tale of Genji by Lady Murasaki Shikibu [1000 pgs.+]  The Tale of Genji by Lady Murasaki Shikibu [1000 pgs.+]   Moving away from Chinese models in religion, the arts, and government.  Moving away from Chinese models in religion, the arts, and government.  Characteristics: a Growth of large landed estates. a Arts & literature of China flourished. a Elaborate court life [highly refined]  ETIQUETTE.  ETIQUETTE.  a Personal diaries e The Pillow Book by Sei Shonagon [10c] a Great novel  The Tale of Genji by Lady Murasaki Shikibu [1000 pgs.+]  The Tale of Genji by Lady Murasaki Shikibu [1000 pgs.+]   Moving away from Chinese models in religion, the arts, and government.  Moving away from Chinese models in religion, the arts, and government. 

81. Feudal Society The emperor reigned, but did not always rule!

82. FeudalismFeudalism Japan: A political, economic, and social system based on loyalty, the holding of land, and military service. Japan: Shogun Daimyo Samurai Peasant Land - Shoen Protection Loyalty Food

83. Code of Bushido * Fidelity * Politeness * Virility * Simplicity * Fidelity * Politeness * Virility * Simplicity

84. Seppuku: Ritual Suicide Kaishaku – his “seconds” It is honorable to die in this way.

85. Full Samurai Attire

86. Samurai Sword

87. Early Mounted Samurai Warriors

88. European knight Samurai Warrior vs. Medieval Warriors

89. Knight’s Armor Samurai Armor vs. Medieval Warriors

90. Mongol “Invasions ” of Japan 4,400 ships and 140,000 men, but kamikaze winds stopped them.

91. Ashikaga Age: 1338-1573 ► Shoguns fought for power. a Laws are unclear. a Less efficient than the Kamakura.  Armies of samurai protected the country. 

92. CASTLESCASTLES CASTLESCASTLES

93. Osaka Castle

94. Main Gate of Hiroshima Castle

95. Caernorfon Castle, Wales

96. Warwick Castle, England

97. ROENSROENS ROENSROENS

98. The Age of the Warring States: ( 1467 - 1568) a Castles built on hills in different provinces. a Power shifts from above to below.  Europeans arrive in Japan  bringing firearms & Christianity. a Christianity & foreign trade flourish.