1. LONDON-its changing temporal and spatial patterns Location and reasons for location London is located at 51°30′28″N 00°07′41″W London is in the south east of England just above kent. The centre of London is Charing Cross, close to Trafalgar Square. Close to Europe across the English Channel, Beside the River Thames for transport and trade, In the centre of the most populated part of England, the SE

4. Growth of London – Urban Sprawl as shown on the previous slide 1 Roman London was only 1km from W to E. 2 By 1760, it was 6km from W to E. 3 By 1836, it was 15km from W to E. 4 By 1965, it was 35km from W to E. This was the official edge of London at the time. What factors were responsible for this sprawl? Cultural 1 Population growth 2 Changing Transport Natural 1 Location and course of the river 2 The flood plain and low lying land, North and South Downs

5. Changes to population. the first major settlement was founded by the Romans in 43 AD. 2nd century, Roman London had a population of around 60,000.Romans In 1100, its population was around 18,000; by 1300 it had grown to nearly 100,000. Black DeathBlack Death in the mid-14th century, when London lost nearly a third of its population. 1530 - 50,000, 1605 - 225,000 Great PlagueGreat Plague of 1665–1666, which killed up to 100,000 people, or a fifth of the population. 8.6 million in 1939 to around 6.8 million in the 1980s 2011 Census, reached 8,173,941. 59.8 per cent of the inhabitants were White.White 20.9 per cent are of Asian and mixed-Asian descent.Asian 15.6 per cent are of Black and mixed-Black descent,Black 5.0 per cent of Londoners are of mixed racemixed race

6. 1 Population Growth YearPopulation totalPopulation total change: growth (+) or decline (-) 1600 (estimate)200,000 1600 - 1700 (100 years) 1700 – 1801 (101 years) 1801 – 1851 (50 years) 1851 – 1901 (50 years) 1901 – 1951 (50 years) 1951 – 2001 (50 years) 2001 – 2031 (30 years) + 250,000 + 550,000 + 1,551,000 + 3,859,000 + 1,687,000 -1,1025,000 +1,657,000 (prediction) 1700 (estimate)550,000 1801 (first official census)1,100,000 18512,651,000 19016,510,000 19398,615,000 19518,197,000 19717,453,000 19916,394,000 20017,172,000 2011 estimate7,754,000 2031 prediction8,829,000

7. 2 Changing Transport Upto the seventeenth century most Londoners travelled to work and to their shops and markets on foot. Horse-Drawn Coaches and Omnibuses were introduced in the eighteenth century, By the beginning of the twentieth century there were still large numbers of pedestrians but the expansion of the metropolis meant that thousands commuted daily from the suburbs by omnibus, tram, railway and even steamboat. Water Transport The Thames was an east-west thoroughfare through London, and it was also a working river Railways and Trams In 1836, the first section of the London to Greenwich Railway, the first potential commuter railway for the metropolis, was opened. 1863 when the world's first underground railway opened. six kilometres (nearly four miles) and ran between Paddington (Bishop's Road) and Farringdon Street Motorised Vehicles The first electric tramway in the London area in July 1901. In 1907 there were 3762 licensed buses on London’s streets of which 1205 were powered by motor. The private car first appeared on the streets of London in the 1890s. Tunnels under the Thames the Thames Tunnel between Rotherhithe and Wapping was the first underwater tunnel in the world. It opened in 1843 for pedestrians, became a railway tunnel in 1869 and now carries the East London line.

8. Motorways and proposed motorways(blue)

9. Patterns of growth. Looking at the styalised map above, there are a number of obvious patterns. Concentric growth has occurred as transport changes have enabled people to travel further and further. The underground train map shows the concentric zones in their charging zones. Radial transport routes, of roads and railways encouraged growth along them.

10. Underground train map

11. London Plan The original 2004 objectives included: To accommodate London's growth within its boundaries without encroaching on open spaces. (There is a Green Belt around London as seen on the next slide) The plan is a bit like our Auckland plan, and designates 2 activity centres, the West End and Knightsbridge; eleven metropolitan centres such as Bromley, Croydon, Sutton and Romford; 35 major centres such as Brixton, East Ham, Bexleyheath and Woolwich; and 156 district centres such as Hornchurch, Penge, Stoke Newington and Welling. Over 1,200 smaller neighbourhood and local centres are also identified in the plan.West End Knightsbridge BromleyCroydonSuttonRomfordBrixtonEast HamBexleyheath Woolwich HornchurchPengeStoke NewingtonWelling

13. Natural: Relief and drainage determines where growth occurs