1. The Industrial Revolution: Forging the Modern World

2. The Timeframe of Industrialization: England (1760s - ) Belgium (1830s - ) France (1850s - ) United States (1850s) Germany (1860s ) Russia (1890s) and so on…

4. Regional Specialization

5. Why Was England First? Economic and Technical Factors –Agricultural Improvements –Good Financial Institutions (Banks!) –Natural Resources (tin, coal, iron ore) –Transportation (canals 1760s - ) Brindley’s Aqueduct, Manchester

6. Why Was England First? Social and Political Factors –stable government –overseas colonies –population boom –good educational system = favorable climate for innovation Tea Plantations, Ceylon

7. Key Industries: Textiles Pre-industrial “cottage industry” – “putting out system”

8. James Hargreaves’ Spinning Jenny (1760s)

9. Spinning Jenny

10. Engraving of interior textile mill, bad conditions This engraving from Frances Trollope's Michael Armstrong, Factory Boy depicts the hardship of the times. Here a boy is tearfully leaving his family to work in a textile mill. (British Library) Engraving of interior textile mill, bad conditions Copyright ©Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

11. Key Industries: Iron Mining Smelting Coke › pig iron » iron

12. Girl mine worker dragging coal This engraving of a girl dragging a coal wagon in the mines was one of several that accompanied a parliamentary report on working conditions in the mines. They shocked public opinion and contributed to the Mines Act of 1842. (British Lilbrary) Girl mine worker dragging coal Copyright ©Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

13. Key Industries: Steam Thomas Newcomen’s Engine, ca. 1711 James Watt’s invention, 1774

14. Key Industries: Transportation Canals (1760s) Turnpikes Railways (1825-)

15. Britain’s extensive canal network

16. The First Railways: Isambard Kingdom Brunel -- inventor Stockton-Darlington RR, 1825

18. Railway Stations: Cathedrals of Commerce St. Pancras Station, London

19. Issue #1: The Transformation of Labor The production of goods was increasingly: -centralized -efficient -done in volume

20. Industrial Labor: Factories created jobs that were: -repetitive -rigidly defined -run by the clock and machine

21. Issue #2: Consumer Revolutions Josiah Wedgwood, Potter

22. The Great Exhibition, 1851: The Crystal Palace, London

23. Issue #3: Sexual Division of Labor Gender-segregated jobs, lower wages Family wage = man Supplementary wage = women

24. Sexual Division of Labor in the Middle Class “Separate Spheres” for men and women

25. t

26. Issue #4: Atitudes Toward the Poor Edwin Chadwick

27. Issue #5: Social Class New Relationships of Power: The owners (“bourgeoisie”) The laborers (“proletariat”) Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

28. The Communist Manifesto, 1848

29. How did Contemporaries Respond? William Morris (1834-1896)

30. Health/ Mortality Leisure Wages Personal Attitudes Food/ Diet Work Standard of Living

31. The Victorian Workhouse

32. Edwin Chadwick: “Uninviting places of wholesome restraint”