1. REFERENCE VALUES OR NORMAL VALUES GIVEN FOR ANY TEST SHOULD ONLY BE CONSIDERED? GUIDELINES

2. UTILIZING LAB VALUE RESULTS INTO NURSING PRACTICE HELPS PRIORTIZE CARE AND DEVELOP NURSING DIAGNOSES

3. THE LAB TEST THAT COUNTS ACTUAL NUMBERS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF WBC’S IS: COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT WITH DIFFERENTIAL THE DIFFERENTIAL COUNTS THE WBC’S AND DEFINES THE NUMBER OF EACH TYPE OF WBC IN THE SAMPLE

4. CBC DIFFERENTIAL EOSINOPHILS BASOPHILS INCREASED LEVELS ON DIFFERENTIAL INDICATE ALLERGIC REACTIONS OR HYPERSENSITIVITIES

5. RBC’S NOMRAL 4.2- 5.14 THE VALUE FOR A PARTICULAR PATIENT IS 5.80 WHAT WOULD EXPLAIN THE INCREASE? INCREASED VALUE DUE TO: POLYCYTHEMIA VERA COPD W/HYPOXIA DEHYDRATION HIGH ALTITUDE

6. RBC’S; HEMOGLOBIN; HEMATOCRIT ARE ALL DECREASED IN ADULT WHAT CONDITION OR CONDITIONS WOULD CAUSE THESE VALUES TO BE LOWER THAN EXPECTED NORMALS? MALNUTRITION

7. CREATININE LEVEL INDICATOR OF GLOMERULAR FILTRATION NORMALS 0.6-1.5 CRITICAL VALUE >7.4

8. IN THE WBC COUNT THE “BANDS” ARE? IMMATURE NEUTROPHILS OTHERWISE KNOWN AS IMMATURE WBC’S

9. 24 HOUR URINE COLLECTION REQUIRES? DISCARD THE FIRST VOID OF THE DAY AND SET THAT HOUR AS THE BEGINNING OF THE 24 HOUR PERIOD. CONTINUE COLLECTING URINE INTO THE CONTAINER UNTIL 24 HOURS HAS PASSED.

10. WBC’S NORMALS 5,000- 10,000 CRITICAL VALUE <2500 >30,000

11. HEMATOCRIT MONITORS FLUID IMBALANCES OR FLUID LEVEL TREATMENTS INCREASED: BURNS; CHF; COPD DECREASED: ANEMIA; BLOOD LOSS; FLUID RETENTION; NUTRITIONAL DEFICIT NORMAL MALE 43-49 FEMALE 38-44 CRITICAL VALUE <18 >54

12. HEMOGLOBIN MONITORS FLUID IMBALANCES OR FLUID LEVEL TREATMENTS INCREASED: BURNS; CHF; COPD DEHYDRATION DECREASED: ANEMIA; BLOOD LOSS; FLUID RETENTION; NUTRITIONAL DEFICIT NORMAL MALE 13.2-17.3 FEMALE 11.7-15.5 CRITICAL VALUE < 6.0 > 18.0

13. PLATELETS HELP FIGHT INFECTIONS; INVOLVED IN COAGULATION NORMAL VALUES: 100,000 TO 450,000 CRITICAL VALUE: < 50,000 > 1 MILLION

14. ERYTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION RATE ESR DIAGNOSES INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS NORMAL <50 Y/O 0-15 >50 Y/O 0-20

15. PARTIAL THROMBOPLASTIN TIME PTT EVALUATES HEPARIN THERAPY NORMAL 20-39 SECONDS CRITICAL ALERT >70 SECONDS

16. PROTIME WITH INR PT INR EVALUATES COUMADIN THERAPY NORMAL 9.5-12.0 SECONDS CRITICAL VALUE >27 SECONDS

17. pH of blood Normal range 7.35-7.45

18. RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS Blood pH lower than 7.35 Pco2 higher than 45 HCO3 normal

19. RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS BLOOD PH HIGHER THAN 7.45 Pc02 lower than 32 HCO3 normal

20. METABOLIC ACIDOSIS BLOOD PH LOWER THAN 7.35 PCO2 NORMAL HCO3 LOWER THAN 20

21. METABOLIC ALKALOSIS BLOOD PH HIGHER THAN 7.45 PCO2 NORMAL HCO3 HIGHER THAN 26

22. BLOOD GLUCOSE NORMALS 60- 110 FASTING CRITICAL VALUES: < 40 > 400

23. HEMOGLOBIN A1C NORMALS 4.0-5.5 GOAL SHOULD BE UNDER 7 % ASSESSES LONG TERM GLYCEMIC CONTROL

24. TOTAL PROTEIN NORMAL VALUES 6.0-8.0 NO CRITICAL VALUES

25. ALBUMIN NORMAL VALUES 3.5-5.5 NO CRITICAL VALUES LOW VALUES PLACES PATIENT AT RISK FOR SKIN BREAKDOWN

26. DIGOXIN LEVELS NORMAL VALUE 0.5- 2.0 CRITICAL VALUE >2.5

27. DIGOXIN TOXICITY NAUSEA/VOMITING DIRRHEA ARRYTHMIAS HALOS OR YELLOWISH VISION CHANGES CHANGES TO LEVEL OF CONSCIOUSNESS

28. THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH) NORMAL 0.4-4.2 ELEVATED VALUE INDICATES HYPO….. OR REPLACEMENT THERAPY NEEDS TO BE INCREASED DECREASED VALUE INDICATES HYPER…. OR THEARPY NEEDS TO BE DECREASED

29. AMYLASE NORMAL 30-110 INCREASED VALUE IN PANCREATITIS ALCOHOLISM

30. LIPASE NORMAL VALUES 3-73 INCREASED VALUE: CHOLECYSTITIS PANCREATITIS

31. EVALUATES RENAL FUNCTION BUN AND CREATININE

32. BLOOD UREA NITROGEN EVALUATES RENAL FUNCTION NORMAL VALUES 7-18 OVER 60 Y/O 8-20 CLINICAL ALERTS >100

33. CREATININE EVALUATES RENAL FUNCTION NORMAL VALUES 0.6-1.5 CLINICAL ALERT >7.4

34. AST OR ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE NORMALS MALE 27-102 FEMALE 19-87 ENZYME FOUND IN HIGH CONCENTRATIONS IN HEART MUSCLE; LIVER CELLS; SKELETAL MUSCLE; KIDNEYS; PANCREAS; AND BRAIN

35. ALT OR ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE NORMAL VALUES MALE 10-40 FEMALE 7-35 ENZYME FOUND PRIMARILY IN LIVER, ALSO SMALL AMOUNT IN KIDNEY, HEART AND SKELETAL MUSCLES

36. AMMONIA NORMALS MALE 27-102 FEMALE 19-87 DETECTS LIVER DISORDERS AND SEVERITY

37. TOTAL BILIRUBIN NORMAL 0.3-1.2 CRITICAL >15 BYPRODUCT OF HEME CATABOLISM FROM AGED RBC’S

38. ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE NORMAL 30-150 ENZYME IN LIVER; BILE DUCTS; BONE CELLS; INTESTINE

39. CHOLESTEROL DESIRABLE VALUE <200 BORDERLINE VALUE 200-239 HIGH VALUE >240

40. LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN (LDL) OPTIMAL VALUE <139 BORDERLINE VALUE 140-160 HIGH > 160

41. HIGH DENSITY LIOPROTEIN (HDL) MALE 35-70 FEMALE 35-85 OPTIMAL >40

42. C REACTIVE PROTEIN NORMALS 0 – 4.9 INCREASED WITH INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS

43. B-TYPE NATRIURETIC PEPTIDES (BNP) NORMAL VALUE <100 USEFUL INDICATOR OF CHF

44. HOMOCYSTEINE LEVELS NORMAL VALUE 4.6 – 11.2 ELEVATED IN CHF; CAD; FOLIC ACID DEFICENCY

45. MYOGLOBIN NORMAL VALUE 5-70 BEST INDICATOR OF ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

46. TROPONIN CRITICAL VALUE > 0.5 INITIAL SAMPLE ONLY BETTER INDICATOR OF CARDIAC DAMAGE AND TIMELINE OF MI

47. SODIUM HYPER OCCURS WITH EXCESSIVE WATER LOSS OR ABNORMAL RETENTION OF SODIUM HYPO OCCURS WITH INADEQUATE SODIUM RETENTION OR INADEQUATE INTAKE NORMAL 135-145 CRITICAL VALUE <120 >160

48. POTASSIUM HYPO MALAISE, THIRST, ANOREXIA, WEAK PULSE, ECG CHANGES, LOW B/P; VOMITING HYPER IRRITABILITY; DIARRHEA; CRAMPS; DIFFICULTY SPEAKING; DYSRHYTHMIA; OLIGURIA NORMAL VALUES 3.5-5.0 CRITICAL VALUES <2.5 >6.5

49. CHLORIDE INCREASED IN DEHYDRATION; ARF DECREASED IN SEVERE VOMITING CHF; OVER HYDRATION NORMAL VALUES: 97-107 CRITICAL VALUES: <80 >115

50. CALCIUM INCREASED: EXCESSIVE CALCIUM INTAKE; HYPERPARATHYROIDISM; MALIGNANCY DECREASED: HYPOPARATHYROIDISM; MALABSORPTION; ACUTE PANCREATITIS; CRF NORMAL VALUES: 8.2-10.2 CRITICAL VALUES: <7 >12

51. URINALYSIS pH SPECIFIC GRAVITY NORMAL 5-9 INCREASED IN ALKALOSIS DECREASED IN ACIDOSIS NORMAL 1.001-1.029 INCREASED DEHYDRATION DIABETES CHF DECREASED DIURESIS EXCESS IV FLUIDS EXCESS HYDRATION IMPAIRED RENAL CONCENTRATING ABILITY

52. URINALYSIS LEUKOCYTES BACTERIA NORMAL VALUES NEGATIVE NONE SEEN IF PRESENT INDICATION OF INFECTION

53. URINALYSIS PROTEIN HEMOGLOBIN BILIRUBIN NITRATE NORMAL VALUES < 20 OR VERY LITTLE OTHERWISE NEGATIVE

54. URINALYSIS GLUCOSE KETONES NORMAL VALUES NEGATIVE IF PRESENT INDICATES DIABETES