1. Nutrition for Health Professions by Mr. Adham I. Ahmed

2. Mr. Adham Ibrahim Ahmed "BSN, RN, MCN" Lecture 1 Introduction to Nutrition Science

3. Lecture 1Mr. Adham Ibrahim Ahmed "BSN, RN, MCN"3 Objectives  Definition of Nutrition  Name the six classes of nutrients and their primary functions  Recognize common characteristics of well-nourished people  Recognize symptoms of malnutrition

4. Lecture 1Mr. Adham Ibrahim Ahmed "BSN, RN, MCN"4 Objectives  Describe ways in which food and health are related  List the four basic steps in nutrition assessment

5. Lecture 1Mr. Adham Ibrahim Ahmed "BSN, RN, MCN"5 Nutrition Nutrition is defined as the "science of food, the nutrients and other substances therein, their action, interaction and balance in relation to health and disease, and the processes by which the organism ingests, absorbs, transports, utilizes and excretes food substances.

6. Lecture 1Mr. Adham Ibrahim Ahmed "BSN, RN, MCN"6 Nutrients Chemical substances necessary for life Functions Provide energy Build and repair tissue Regulate body processes

7. Lecture 1Mr. Adham Ibrahim Ahmed "BSN, RN, MCN"7 Nutrients Six classes Carbohydrates Fats (lipids) Proteins Vitamins Minerals Water

8. Lecture 1Mr. Adham Ibrahim Ahmed "BSN, RN, MCN"8 Nutrients Organic Contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon is found in all living things Example: carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins Inorganic In simplest form when ingested Function: regulate body processes Example: water, minerals

9. Lecture 1Mr. Adham Ibrahim Ahmed "BSN, RN, MCN"9 Carbohydrates Provides major source of energy Examples: cereal grains, vegetables, fruits, nuts, and sugars

10. Lecture 1Mr. Adham Ibrahim Ahmed "BSN, RN, MCN"10 Fats (lipids) Provides energy Highest kilocalorie value Sources of fat: meats, milk, cream, butter, cheese, egg yolks, oils, nuts

11. Lecture 1Mr. Adham Ibrahim Ahmed "BSN, RN, MCN"11 Protein Builds and repairs body tissues Provides energy Only one of the six nutrients that contains nitrogen Sources of protein: meats, fish, poultry, eggs, milk, cheese, corn, grains, nuts, and seeds

12. Lecture 1Mr. Adham Ibrahim Ahmed "BSN, RN, MCN"12 Vitamins Organic compounds Regulate body processes Examples: vitamins A, B, C, D, E and K

13. Lecture 1Mr. Adham Ibrahim Ahmed "BSN, RN, MCN"13 Minerals Inorganic compounds Regulate body processes Examples: calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, chloride, iron, magnesium, zinc

14. Lecture 1Mr. Adham Ibrahim Ahmed "BSN, RN, MCN"14 Water Major constituent of all living cells Composed of hydrogen and oxygen

15. Lecture 1Mr. Adham Ibrahim Ahmed "BSN, RN, MCN"15 The Six Essential Nutrients and Their Functions Organic NutrientsFunction CarbohydratesProvide energy FatsProvide energy ProteinsBuild & repair tissues VitaminsRegulate body processes Inorganic NutrientsFunction MineralsRegulate body processes WaterRegulates body processes

16. Lecture 1Mr. Adham Ibrahim Ahmed "BSN, RN, MCN"16 Characteristics of Nutritional Status GoodPoor Alert expressionApathy Shiny hairDull, lifeless hair بشرة صافية Clear complexion Greasy دهني, بشرة غيرصافية blemished complexion Good colorPoor color

17. Lecture 1Mr. Adham Ibrahim Ahmed "BSN, RN, MCN"17 Characteristics of Nutritional Status GoodPoor Bright, clear eyesDull, red-rimmed eyes Pink, firm gums and well-developed teeth Red, puffy, receding gums, and missing or cavity-prone teeth Firm abdomenSwollen abdomen Firm, well-developed muscles Underdeveloped, flabby muscles

18. Lecture 1Mr. Adham Ibrahim Ahmed "BSN, RN, MCN"18 Characteristics of Nutritional Status GoodPoor Well-developed bone structure متقوس Bowed legs Normal weight for height Over- or underweight Erect posture مترهل Slumped posture Emotional stabilityEasily irritated, depressed, poor attention span

19. Lecture 1Mr. Adham Ibrahim Ahmed "BSN, RN, MCN"19 Characteristics of Nutritional Status GoodPoor Good staminaEasily fatigued Seldom illFrequently ill Healthy appetiteExcessive or poor appetite Healthy, normal sleep habits Insomnia at night, fatigued during the day Normal eliminationConstipation or diarrhea

20. Lecture 1Mr. Adham Ibrahim Ahmed "BSN, RN, MCN"20 Malnutrition Overnutrition Excess energy or nutrient intake Undernutrition Deficient energy or nutrient intake Overnutrition is a larger problem in the United States than undernutrition.

21. Lecture 1Mr. Adham Ibrahim Ahmed "BSN, RN, MCN"21 Relation of Food to Health Cumulative Excess nutrients over time Examples: atherosclerosis, obesity, hypertension, diabetes, gallbladder disease, some cancers Deficiencies Nutrients lacking for extended period Examples: iron deficiency, beriberi, scurvy, osteomalacia, osteoporosis, rickets, goiter

22. Lecture 1Mr. Adham Ibrahim Ahmed "BSN, RN, MCN"22 Deficiency Diseases Deficiency Disease Iron deficiency Iron-deficiency anemia Beriberi Night blindness Goiter Kwashiorkor Marasmus Nutrients Lacking Iron Thiamin Vitamin A Iodine Protein All nutrients

23. Lecture 1Mr. Adham Ibrahim Ahmed "BSN, RN, MCN"23 Deficiency Diseases Deficiency DiseaseNutrients Lacking OsteomalaciaCalcium, vitamin D, phosphorus, magnesium, and fluoride OsteoporosisCalcium and vitamin D

24. Lecture 1Mr. Adham Ibrahim Ahmed "BSN, RN, MCN"24 Deficiency Diseases Deficiency Disease Pellagra Rickets Scurvy Xerophthalmia (blindness) Nutrients Lacking Niacin Calcium and vitamin D Vitamin C Vitamin A

25. Lecture 1Mr. Adham Ibrahim Ahmed "BSN, RN, MCN"25 Nutritional Assessment Anthropometric measurements Clinical examination Biochemical tests Dietary/social history

26. Lecture 1Mr. Adham Ibrahim Ahmed "BSN, RN, MCN"26 Anthropometric Measurements Height Weight Head circumference (children) Upper arm measurement Skinfold

27. Lecture 1Mr. Adham Ibrahim Ahmed "BSN, RN, MCN"27 Anthropometric Measurements Height Weight

28. Lecture 1Mr. Adham Ibrahim Ahmed "BSN, RN, MCN"28 Anthropometric Measurements Head circumferenceTriceps skinfold

29. Lecture 1Mr. Adham Ibrahim Ahmed "BSN, RN, MCN"29 Clinical Examination Clinical SignsPossible Deficiencies Pallor, blue half circles beneath eyes Iron, copper, zinc, B12, B6, biotin EdemaProtein قشعريرة “gooseflesh”Vitamin A Lesions at corner of mouth Riboflavin “Vit B2” GlossitisFolic acid

30. Lecture 1Mr. Adham Ibrahim Ahmed "BSN, RN, MCN"30 Clinical Examination Clinical SignsPossible Deficiencies Numerous “black and blue” spots and tiny, red “pin prick” hemorrhages under the skin Vitamin C EmaciationCarbohydrates, proteins; kcal

31. Lecture 1Mr. Adham Ibrahim Ahmed "BSN, RN, MCN"31 Clinical Examination Clinical SignsPossible Deficiencies Poorly shaped bones or teeth or delayed appearance of teeth in children Vitamin C Slow clotting time of blood Vitamin K

32. Lecture 1Mr. Adham Ibrahim Ahmed "BSN, RN, MCN"32 Clinical Examination Clinical SignsPossible Deficiencies Unusual nervousness, dermatitis, diarrhea in same patient Niacin TetanyCalcium, potassium, sodium GoiterIodine EczemaFat

33. Lecture 1Mr. Adham Ibrahim Ahmed "BSN, RN, MCN"33 Biochemical Tests Serum albumin level Measures main protein in blood Determines protein status Serum transferrin level Indicates iron-carrying protein in blood  indicates iron stores low  indicates body lacks protein

34. Lecture 1Mr. Adham Ibrahim Ahmed "BSN, RN, MCN"34 Biochemical Tests Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) may indicate renal failure, insufficient renal blood supply, or blockage of the urinary tract Serum creatinine indicates amount of creatinine in blood used to evaluate renal function

35. Lecture 1Mr. Adham Ibrahim Ahmed "BSN, RN, MCN"35 Biochemical Tests Creatinine excretion indicates amount of creatinine excreted in urine over a 24-hour period used in estimating body muscle mass muscle mass depleted, as in malnutrition; level will be low

36. Lecture 1Mr. Adham Ibrahim Ahmed "BSN, RN, MCN"36 Biochemical Tests Other tests Hemoglobin (Hgb) Hematocrit (Hct) Red blood cells (RBCs) White blood cells (WBCs) Lipid profile (high & low-density lipoprotein, serum triglycerides) Urinalysis

37. Lecture 1Mr. Adham Ibrahim Ahmed "BSN, RN, MCN"37 Dietary/Social History Evaluation of food habits. 24-hour recall: Client interviewed by the dietitian and asked to give types, amounts, and preparation of all foods eaten in past 24 hours Food diary: written record of all food and drink ingested in a specified period Computer diet analysis to determine nutrient deficiencies or toxicities

38. Lecture 1Mr. Adham Ibrahim Ahmed "BSN, RN, MCN"38 Conclusion Nutrition and health are directly related. Effects of poor nutrition are cumulative. There are six essential nutrients: carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals, vitamins, and water. Nutritional assessment is the best way to determine deficiencies that may result from lack of nutrients.