2. Edgar Allan Poe

3. Tortured Times “The Pit and the Pendulum” is set in the Spanish city of Toledo during the grim age of the Spanish Inquisition. Since the Middle Ages, the Roman Catholic Church had authorized priests to try heretics—people who opposed the teachings of the church. The priests, or inquisitors, frequently misused their power. Some suspects were tortured, and those found guilty were often executed at elaborate public ceremonies called autos-da-fé. BACKGROUND TO THE STORY

4. Poe’s works can be challenging because they often feature unfamiliar words and complex sentences. One way that you can make sense of his writing as you read is to paraphrase, or restate information in your own words. A paraphrase is usually the same length as the original text but contains simpler language. READING STRATEGY: PARAPHRASE Poe’s WordsParaphrase “Very suddenly there came back to my soul motion and sound....” (line 66) I very quickly regained consciousness and was able to see and hear.

5. A writer’s style is the particular way he or she uses language to communicate ideas. Some writers are famous for their distinctive, innovative styles. This is true of Edgar Allan Poe, whose dark, suspenseful works helped create the genre of modern horror literature. The following characteristics frequently mark his style: a first-person point of view in which the narrator expresses emotional intensity, creating a tone of horror and terror repeated or italicized words unusual choice of words, phrases, and expressions long sentences or sentences with interruptions strange or grotesque sensory images As you read, think about how Poe’s choice of a narrator affects the tone of the work. TEXT ANALYSIS: POE’S STYLE

6. Confound: Cause surprise or confusion in (someone), especially by not according with their expectations. From the Latin word confundere 'pour together, mix up' Eloquent: Fluent or persuasive in speaking or writing. From from Latin eloquent- 'speaking out‘. Indeterminate: Not exactly known, established, or defined. From Latin indeterminatus, from in- 'not' + Latin determinatus 'limited, determined‘ VOCABULARY:

7. Insuperable: (Of a difficulty or obstacle) impossible to overcome. from Latin insuperabilis, from in- 'not' + superabilis (from superare 'overcome'). Lethargy: A lack of energy and enthusiasm. from late Latin lethargia, from Greek lēthargia, from lēthargos 'forgetful', from the base of lanthanesthai 'forget‘. Lucid: Expressed clearly; easy to understand; or showing or having the ability to think clearly, especially in intervals between periods of confusion or insanity. From Latin lucidus from lucere 'shine', from lux, luc- 'light'. VOCABULARY

8. Pertinacity: Holding firmly to an opinion or a course of action. from Latin pertinax, pertinac- 'holding fast' + - ous. Pervade: (Especially of a smell) spread through and be perceived in every part of:; or Be present and apparent throughout. From Latin pervadere, from per- 'throughout' + vadere 'go'. Supposition: A belief held without proof or certain knowledge; an assumption or hypothesis. from late Latin suppositio(n-) (translating Greek hupothesis 'hypothesis'), from the verb supponere (suppose) Voracity: Wanting or devouring great quantities of food; or engaging in an activity with great eagerness or enthusiasm. from Latin vorax, vorac- (from vorare 'devour') + -ious. VOCABULARY