2. RUSSIA BEFORE THE REVOLUTION

3. Russia was….. Only 40% ethnic Russians 80% were peasants – subsistence farmers 60%+ = illiterate Life expectancy = 40 Low tech and low investment Land ownership rare

4. Peasants Peasants could not leave the farm without permission Discipline and punishments harsh – even to exile in Siberia Drought and crop failure common 1891 = famine + cholera and typhus = 400,000 dead 1890 – 64 % of peasants called up for military service were declared unfit.

5. Industrial and Urban Number of factories doubled from 1863-1900 –Still behind western Europe Russia was 4 th largest steel producer Tran-Siberian Railway built However, industrialization brings problems with living/working conditions, low wages, and child labor Trade unions banned but some strikes took place Marxism becomes popular  Power of the Proletariat

6. SOCIAL

8. Major Russian Rulers Ivan the Terrible 1553 - 1584First czar of Russia Michael Romanov 1613 - 1645First of Romanov Dynasty, which rules for 300 years Peter the Great 1682 - 1725One of Russia’s greatest reformers Tried to westernize Catherine the Great 1762 - 1796Enlightened Despot – Philosophe’s fave Expanded Empire Tried to reform laws Nicholas I1825-1855Lost the Crimean War Married daughter of Prussia’s Wilhelm I Alexander II1855-1881Sold Alaska to US Assassinated Alexander III1881-1894Institutes autocratic rule, Russification, pogroms Nicholas II1894-1917Last Czar of Russia

9. Political Issues - Alexander III Clung to autocracy “Dangerous” people –anyone who questioned his authority –wasn’t Russian Orthodox –or didn’t speak Russian Used harsh measures to wipe out “dangerous” people –Strict censorship –reports from all teachers – pogroms At best, would be exiled to Siberia

19. The Russian Revolution

20. The Romanovs From 1613 to 1917 –Romanov Dynasty in Russia Czar Nicholas II ruled Russia during World War I –He failed to solve Russia’s political, social and economic problems after the Revolution of 1905 Two revolutions would topple the Romanov Dynasty

21. Political Issues – Nicholas II autocratic & ineffective Ruler of 1/6 of earth’s total land surface Backed by an army of 1 million and secret police More interested in his family and hobbies than ruling Out of touch Had massive personal wealth

22. Richest King EVER Nicky’s wealth was valued at up to US$ 881 million in 1916, –Adjusted for inflation, equals more than US$300 billion in today's money. Wealthiest monarch and head of state in history –Usually ranked somewhere between #1-5 richest person ever –#12 Bill Gates –$136 Billion –#24 Sam Walton –$65 Billion

33. Faberge Eggs

37. Tsar Nicholas II Alexandra Olga Tatiana Marie Anastasia Alexei The Romanovs

38. Czar Nicholas II and his Family

42. The Romanov children Tsarevich Alexei

48. Hemophilia Caused by a single, recessive allele. This allele codes for a blood-clotting protein. If the protein is defective, then the blood does not clot properly. Untreated, victims often die in childhood or teen years, rarely live to adulthood. Caused by a single, recessive allele. This allele codes for a blood-clotting protein. If the protein is defective, then the blood does not clot properly. Untreated, victims often die in childhood or teen years, rarely live to adulthood.

50. Grigory Rasputin

51. Poet. Magician. Healer. Prophet. Holy Monk. Peasant from Siberia At 18, joined monastery to turn life around Mystic & healer Trusted advisor to Romanovs Favorite of Czarina Alexandra Hated by the public