1. PAPER AS A MEDIUM OF DOCUMENTATION

2. WHAT IS PAPER ? Fibre that has been reduced to pulp, suspended in water, and then matted into sheets convenient enough to receive or accommodate writing.

3. Paper manufacturing begun in the year 105 AD. It was invented by a Chinese called Ts’ai Lun. It is now the most common medium of documentation in the world. Manufacturing was initially a hand process. In 1803, the Fourdrinier paper making machine was invented. Mechanized paper making began in the year 1803.

4. RAW MATERIALS FOR PAPER MAKING Hand made Paper: Cotton Cuttings Textiles fibre

5. Raw materials for making paper… Machine made Paper: Wood. Hard Wood Soft Wood

6. COMPONENTS OF WOOD Cellulose - 45% Hemicellulose – 20% Lignin – 30% Other Substances – 5% ( minerals, resin, etc)

7. PULP FOR PAPER MAKING The raw materials need to be converted to pulp during the manufacturing process.

8. TYPES OF WOOD PULP Chemical Wood Pulp Mechanical Wood Pulp

9. CHEMICAL WOOD PULP This is the best pulp for paper manufacturing and it is obtained by: Boiling the wood with chemicals such as caustic soda, calcium bisulphate and sodium sulphide under high pressure and temperature.

10. Chemical Wood pulp continued… This removes the lignin and reduces the hemicellulose to a minimum thereby contributing to the strength and durability of paper produced from this pulp.

11. MECHANICAL WOOD PULP This pulp is not treated at all. The wood is ground into wood pulp without boiling. It contains all the impurities and undesirables like the lignin and hemicellulose. It produces unstable paper and therefore not the best.

12. Mechanical Wood Pulp continued… It is usually used for newsprints and packing materials.

13. HAND MADE PAPER MANUFACTURING Suitable fibres are soaked in water and later boiled in caustic soda and ash. The fibres are then beaten or pounded into pulp. The pulp is then washed to remove impurities. Sizing then takes place by adding animal glue and gelatin to the pulp.

14. Sizing is undertaken to enable the final paper to accept writing and printing inks easily without feathering. Moulding is done Drying Hand Made Paper continued…

15. Hand Made Paper is good quality paper. It is devoid of most destructive elements and agents.

16. MACHINE MADE PAPER The Manufacturing Process Boiling Process Beating Process Bleaching Process Washing Process

17. Machine Made Paper continued… Sizing Process Moulding Process Cutting Process

18. QUALITY PAPER Paper has several characteristics that determine its quality. One such characteristics is the acid component. This is referred to as the p H value (Potency of Hydrogen). The pH value refers to the degree of acidity or alkalinity of paper.

19. The ph value is measured on a linear scale ranging from 1 (one) to 14 (fourteen) with 7 (seven) as Neutral. P h continued…

20. Ph 1 has the Highest Level of acidity. Ph 7 is Neutral Ph 14 has the Highest alkalinity The readings are exponential or logarithmic in nature. They move in multiples of 10 (ten).

21. HOW TO TEST FOR ACIDITY OF PAPER There are three methods that can be used to test the p H of paper. These are: Indicator Strip Archivist’s Pen (U.N.O. Pen) Ph Meter.