1. Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment Department of Architecture 1 Comparing pertinent international standards for permissible window air leakage of buildings with the equivalent South African standards Jacques Laubscher PhD(Architecture) PrArch Associate Professor, Department of Architecture Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment Tshwane University of Technology

2. 2 According to the 2009 Sustainable Cities Report (De Lilly, 2009: 26), “[t]here is a direct link between buildings and climate change due to the high rate of carbon emissions from the construction and ongoing use of buildings. Building resources take up to 40% of energy use and 17% of fresh water use. 25% of wood harvested and 40% of material produced are attributed to the built environment.”

3. 3 The expected rise in global annual-mean surface air temperature (Source: GISS, 2015)

4. The Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicts two possible global scenarios: –The first is a high emission scenario, while –the second situation is a low emission scenario. Using the observed and simulated variations of past (and projected future) annual average temperature, the expected impact on Southern Africa fits within the aforementioned range. 4

5. 5 The predicted near surface air temperature changes for Southern Africa. (Source: Niang et al, 2014: 1208)

6. 6 On 26 May 2010 the General Secretariat of the Conseil International du Bâtiment (CIB) announced the introduction of a new CIB Task Group (TG). TG79 will focus on the Building Regulations and Control in the Face of Climate Change [1]. According to Chan and Visscher (the joint coordinators of TG79) The last twenty years have seen dramatic changes in the approach taken to building regulation and control... and there is an increasing role that building regulation and control must perform in achieving significant reductions of CO 2 emissions from buildings. Amongst others, the objectives of TG79 are to provide an overview of the state of building regulations and building control and the related policies to address climate change...[2] [1] CIB newsletter May 2010 26 May 2010: Around the Task Groups and Working Commissions TG79 - Building Regulations and Control in the Face of Climate Change Introducing New Task Group [2] CIB newsletter May 2010 26 May 2010: Around the Task Groups and Working Commissions TG79 - Building Regulations and Control in the Face of Climate Change Introducing New Task Group[1][2] [1] [2]

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8. Full description of Act 103 of 1977 (South Africa, 2011: 14) “To provide for the promotion of uniformity in the law relating to the erection of buildings in the areas of jurisdiction of local authorities; for the prescribing of building standards; and for matters connected therewith.”

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10. 10 The National Building Regulations SANS 10400:XA (Fenestration) 4.4.4 Fenestration 4.4.4.1 Buildings with up to 15 % fenestration area to nett floor area per storey comply with the minimum energy performance requirements. 4.4.4.2 Buildings with a fenestration area to nett floor area per storey that exceeds 15 % shall comply with the requirements for fenestration in accordance with SANS 204. 4.4.4.3 All fenestration air infiltration shall be in accordance with SANS 613.

11. 11 4.4.4.3 All fenestration air infiltration shall be in accordance with SANS 613. SANS 613: 4.4 Air tightness (SABS,2011:7) When tested in accordance with 5.6, a)the air penetration through the products shall not exceed 2 L/s/m 2 fenestration area, b)the average airflow rate for fixed glazing shall not exceed 0,306 L/s/m 2 fenestration area, and c)the air penetration through revolving doors and swing doors shall not exceed 5 L/s/m 2 fenestration area.

12. 12 Other applicable Standards (wall openings) SANS 204:2011: Energy efficiency in buildings (19 August 2011) →SANS 204-1:2008: ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN BUILDINGS buildings with artificial or natural environmental control and their sub-systems →SANS 204-2:2008: ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN BUILDINGS buildings with natural environmental control systems →SANS 204-3:2008: ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN BUILDINGS buildings with artificial environmental control making use of a central HVAC system

13. 13 Other applicable Standards (wall openings) SANS 727 SANS 727 provides the specification for windows, doors, sidelights, and fanlights made from rolled mild steel sections, together with its associated fittings and additional components. SANS 727 refers specifically to the most recent issues of the following standards: SANS 4 (SABS 4), Locks, latches, and associated furniture for doors (domestic type). SANS 121/ISO 1461 (SABS ISO 1461), Hot dip galvanized coatings on fabricated iron and steel articles – Specifications and test methods. (Amendment 3) SANS 135/ISO 1456 (SABS ISO 1456), Metallic coatings – Electrodeposited coatings of nickel plus chromium and of copper plus nickel plus chromium. (Amendment 2)

14. 14 The climatic context of the South African built environment Europe has tradition where buildings are well insulated because of extreme temperature exposure, requiring ‘architecture of insulation’. Similarly in America, any thermal bridging in the exterior skin is avoided. The heating load is generally addressed using a central system. South Africa on the other hand employs an ‘Architecture of ventilation’, requiring a different approach and standard.

15. 15 Comparing South African fenestration requirements (SANS 613) with - North America - Australia - India

16. Country Performance Standard Testing Standard Maximum Permissible Air Leakage through windows (L/s · m 2 ) Air-conditioned/ Non air- conditioned Climatic Zone OtherDescription Operable glazing Non- operable glazing Pressure diff. South Africa SANS 204SANS 6132,00,3175 PaNot specifiedAll Voluntary performance standard for energy efficiency in South Africa North America AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440-11 North American Fenestration Standard/Specification for windows, doors, and skylights (NFRC A440- 11) ASTM E283 (04) 2012 1.575 PaNot specified Different performance standards for different window types Voluntary performance standard issued by National Fenestration Rating Council Australia AS 2047AS 4420.4 1.075 PaAir-conditioned Not specified  Testing standard specified  Two pressure differences specified  Pressure direction specified Mandatory minimum specification for windows and doors used in Australia 5.075 Pa Non-air- conditioned 20.075 PaLouvre windows 20.075 Pa Adjustable louvers, residential and commercial buildings India Energy Conservation Building Code 2006 Not specified5.02.0Not spec. Not specifiedAllMandatory for commercial buildings or building complexes that have a connected load of 500 kW or greater or a contract demand of 600 kVA or greater. Applicable to all buildings with a conditioned floor area of 1,000 m 2 or greater. Recommended for all other buildings.

17. Country Performance Standard Testing Standard Maximum Permissible Air Leakage through windows (L/s · m 2 ) Air-conditioned/ Non air- conditioned Climatic Zone OtherDescription Operable glazing Non- operable glazing Pressure diff. South Africa SANS 204SANS 6132,00,3175 PaNot specifiedAll Voluntary performance standard for energy efficiency in South Africa North America AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440-11 North American Fenestration Standard/Specification for windows, doors, and skylights (NFRC A440- 11) ASTM E283 (04) 2012 1.575 PaNot specified Different performance standards for different window types Voluntary performance standard issued by National Fenestration Rating Council Australia AS 2047AS 4420.4 1.075 PaAir-conditioned Not specified  Testing standard specified  Two pressure differences specified  Pressure direction specified Mandatory minimum specification for windows and doors used in Australia 5.075 Pa Non-air- conditioned 20.075 PaLouvre windows 20.075 Pa Adjustable louvers, residential and commercial buildings India Energy Conservation Building Code 2006 Not specified5.02.0Not spec. Not specifiedAllMandatory for commercial buildings or building complexes that have a connected load of 500 kW or greater or a contract demand of 600 kVA or greater. Applicable to all buildings with a conditioned floor area of 1,000 m 2 or greater. Recommended for all other buildings.

18. Country Performance Standard Testing Standard Maximum Permissible Air Leakage through windows (L/s · m 2 ) Air-conditioned/ Non air- conditioned Climatic Zone OtherDescription Operable glazing Non- operable glazing Pressure diff. South Africa SANS 204SANS 6132,00,3175 PaNot specifiedAll Voluntary performance standard for energy efficiency in South Africa North America AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440-11 North American Fenestration Standard/Specification for windows, doors, and skylights (NFRC A440- 11) ASTM E283 (04) 2012 1.575 PaNot specified Different performance standards for different window types Voluntary performance standard issued by National Fenestration Rating Council Australia AS 2047AS 4420.4 1.075 PaAir-conditioned Not specified  Testing standard specified  Two pressure differences specified  Pressure direction specified Mandatory minimum specification for windows and doors used in Australia 5.075 Pa Non-air- conditioned 20.075 PaLouvre windows 20.075 Pa Adjustable louvers, residential and commercial buildings India Energy Conservation Building Code 2006 Not specified5.02.0Not spec. Not specifiedAllMandatory for commercial buildings or building complexes that have a connected load of 500 kW or greater or a contract demand of 600 kVA or greater. Applicable to all buildings with a conditioned floor area of 1,000 m 2 or greater. Recommended for all other buildings.

19. Country Performance Standard Testing Standard Maximum Permissible Air Leakage through windows (L/s · m 2 ) Air-conditioned/ Non air- conditioned Climatic Zone OtherDescription Operable glazing Non- operable glazing Pressure diff. South Africa SANS 204SANS 6132,00,3175 PaNot specifiedAll Voluntary performance standard for energy efficiency in South Africa North America AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440-11 North American Fenestration Standard/Specification for windows, doors, and skylights (NFRC A440- 11) ASTM E283 (04) 2012 1.575 PaNot specified Different performance standards for different window types Voluntary performance standard issued by National Fenestration Rating Council Australia AS 2047AS 4420.4 1.075 PaAir-conditioned Not specified  Testing standard specified  Two pressure differences specified  Pressure direction specified Mandatory minimum specification for windows and doors used in Australia 5.075 Pa Non-air- conditioned 20.075 PaLouvre windows 20.075 Pa Adjustable louvers, residential and commercial buildings India Energy Conservation Building Code 2006 Not specified5.02.0Not spec. Not specifiedAllMandatory for commercial buildings or building complexes that have a connected load of 500 kW or greater or a contract demand of 600 kVA or greater. Applicable to all buildings with a conditioned floor area of 1,000 m 2 or greater. Recommended for all other buildings.

20. 20 Laboratory tests at CSIR of existing steel framed windows

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23. “…virtually all environmental problems stem from the way we decide how to use and manage land … the form of tenure on specific land invariably has environmental consequences…” (Glazewski, 2000: 11)

24. thank you