1. The Endocrine System Glands and Hormones Regulation of Metabolism The Stress Response Blood Sugar

2. Glands and Hormones Endocrine Glands Hormone Action Regulation of Hormones

3. Endocrine Glands A gland is a structure that secretes products in the body An exocrine gland secretes substances (oils and proteins) into ducts that lead directly to the target tissueexocrine gland An endocrine gland secretes hormones into the blood stream for delivery to the target tissueendocrine gland

4. Endocrine Glands The functions of endocrine glands can be determined by:endocrine glands 1.Removing the gland and observing the effects 2.PET scans allow close observation of gland and target tissue membranes

5. Hormone Action There are two types of hormones 1.Lipid soluble (steroids) including testosterone, cortisol, estrogen and othersLipid soluble 2.Water soluble (protein) including growth hormone, insulin, thyroxine and othersWater soluble

6. Regulation of Hormones Hormones are regulated by negative feedback loops negative feedback loops Tropic hormones from the anterior pituitary gland activate other endocrine glands ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH are examples of tropic hormonestropic hormones

7. Regulation of Metabolism The Pituitary Gland Growth Hormone Thyroxine Calcium

8. The pituitary Gland The pituitary gland is divided into two lobespituitary gland 1.Anterior Lobe: manufactures and secretes hGH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH and PRLAnterior Lobe 2.Posterior Lobe: receives oxytocin and ADH from the hypothalamus and secretes themPosterior Lobe

9. Growth Hormone Human growth hormone (hGH) regulates growth, development and metabolism Hypersecretion of hGH causes acromegaly acromegaly Hyposecretion of hGH causes dwarfism dwarfism hGH is a common performance enhancing substance used by athletesperformance enhancing substance

10. Thyroxine Thyroxine increases the rate at which the body metabolizes fats, proteins and carbohydrates for energyThyroxine Secretion of thyroxine is regulated by a feedback loopfeedback loop Hypothyroidism is less than normal secretion of thyroxineHypothyroidism Hyperthyroidism is greater than normal secretion of thyroxineHyperthyroidism

11. Calcium Calcium is required for development of bones and teethbones Calcium is necessary for blood clotting Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone act antagonistically to keep calcium levels in the blood constantantagonistically

12. The Stress Response The Adrenal Gland Epinephrine/Adrenalin Cortisol Aldosterone

13. The Adrenal Gland The adrenal glands are divided into two regionsadrenal glands Medulla: the inner portion of the adrenal gland (epinephrine, norepinephrine)Medulla Cortex: the outer portion of the adrenal gland (cortisol, aldosterone)

14. Epinephrine/Adrenalin Epinepherine and norepinephrine regulate short term stress responses The short term stress response is referred to as the fight or flight responsefight or flight response Epinephrine is released due to direct stimulation by the hypothalamus

15. Cortisol Cortisol deals with the long term stress response Cortisol causes protein metabolism to increase glucose concentration and decreases inflammation Cortisol is secreted due to a feedback loop feedback loop Chronically high cortisol levels have been linked to stress related diseasesstress related diseases

16. Aldosterone Aldosterone causes the kidneys to increase absorption of sodium into the bloodkidneys More sodium in the blood causes the kidney to retain waterretain water More water in the blood raises blood pressure ADH also increase water retention and blood pressureADH

17. Blood Sugar The Pancreas Glucose Imbalance Diabetes Mellitus Other Hormones

18. The Pancreas The pancreas is both an endocrine and exocrine glandpancreas Exocrine tissue secretes enzymes for the digestive system Endocrine tissue is located in the islets of langerhans islets of langerhans There are two types of hormone producing cells in the islets of langerhans

19. The Pancreas 1.Alpha cells: produce glucagon to raise blood sugar concentration 2.Beta cells: produce insulin to lower blood sugar concentrationinsulin

20. Glucose Imbalance Blood glucose concentration (BGC) must be regulated to avoid hyperglycemia or hypoglycemiaregulated Hypergylcemia: BGC is too highHypergylcemia Hypoglycemia: BGC is too lowHypoglycemia

21. Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes mellitus causes the regulation of BGC to be upset There are two types of diabetes mellitusdiabetes mellitus Type I: beta cells cannot make insulin (insulin dependent)Type I Type II: beta cells make insulin but body cells are unresponsive (non-insulin-dependent)Type II

22. Diabetes Mellitus Treatments for type I diabetes mellitus include: 1.Insulin Injections/Pumps/InhalersPumps 2.Islet Cell TransplantIslet Cell Transplant Gestational diabetes temporarily affects some pregnanciesGestational diabetes

23. Other Hormones Other hormones (besides insulin and glucagon) can influence BGC 1.Cortisol 2.Thyroxine 3.Epinenphrine/Norepinephrine 4.TSH 5.ACTH