1. Geography – EOC Review

2. www.space.gc.ca ATMOSPHERE 78% Nitrogen Just under 21% Oxygen less than 1% argon, carbon dioxide & other gasses The air surrounding Earth

3. LITHOSPHERE http://mediatheek.thinkquest.nl/~ll125/images/struct.jp g Solid, rocky crust covering entire planet.

4. HYDROSPHERE All the water in or near the Earth

5. BIOSPHERE Composed of all living organisms Plants Animals One-celled organisms

6. Internal Forces Rift Valleys Oceanic Ridges Mountains and Volcanoes Earthquakes

7. External Forces –Weathering – breakdown of rock and soil happens where temperature changes greatly with in a day or season. Plants and Animals can cause weathering. –Erosion – wearing away of Earth’s surface through motion. Wind: Water: Grand Canyon – valleys Glacial: Great Lakes, fjords

9. Red – LOW LATITUDES 0 – 23 ½  North & South Tropics Hot and Humid Green – MID LATITUDES 23 ½ - 66 ½  North & South Temperate Mild THE MAJORITY OF THE WORLD’S PEOPLE LIVE IN THE TEMPERATE ZONE!! Blue – HIGH LATITUDES 66 ½ - 90  North & South Polar Cold and Dry

10. LACEMOPS Latitude Air Masses Continentality Elevation Mountain Barriers Ocean Currents Pressure and Prevailing Winds Storms

11. L - LATITUDE The most important factor! The farther from the Equator - the colder and drier it becomes. Direct rays of the sun are always between the Tropics. Areas not in the tropics receive indirect sun rays.

12. A - AIR MASSES In the Northern Hemisphere, cold air from the Polar Regions comes from the north. Hot air from the tropics comes from the south, (opposite in the Southern Hemisphere). Mountains to the north of a city (in the Northern Hemisphere) could block the cold air from reaching the city.

13. C - CONTINENTALITY Water moderates climate. Water takes longer to heat and cool than land. Areas inland from the coast will be hotter in the summer and colder in the winter than areas with the same latitude on the coast. http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://edc.usgs.gov/imagegallery/imageSrc/United%2520States- NED500.jpg&imgrefurl=http://edc.usgs.gov/imagegallery/imageDetail.php%3Fpage%3D18%26img%3DUnited%2BStates-NED%26id%3D2071%26col%3DStates%2B- %2BNED%2BShaded%2BRelief&h=353&w=500&sz=121&hl=en&start=17&um=1&tbnid=tsJBVC5mQRiZ6M:&tbnh=92&tbnw=130&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dunited%2Bstates%2B%26svnum%3D10%26 um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactive%26rls%3Dcom.microsoft:en-us:IE-SearchBox%26rlz%3D1I7GGLG%26sa%3DG

14. E - ELEVATION It gets colder as you go up a mountain. The formula for vertical climate is: Temperature decreases 3.5º F for every 1,000 feet increase in elevation (the opposite is also true). You can work out the temperature at the top of a tall mountain. http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.savetibet.org/images/images/MountEverest.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.savetibet.org/news/new sitem.php%3Fid%3D1050&h=300&w=400&sz=22&hl=en&start=6&um=1&tbnid=ODjU- A29uyNbXM:&tbnh=93&tbnw=124&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmt%2Beverest%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactive%26rl s%3DGGLG,GGLG:2005-42,GGLG:en http://www.commondreams.org/headlines05/images/0314-01.jpg

15. M - MOUNTAIN BARRIERS Orographic effect: Wind containing moisture hits the windward side of a mountain (the side facing the wind). The moisture full clouds are too heavy to make it over the mountain so precipitation occurs, after the precipitation, the clouds have no moisture and are able to rise over the mountain. The side facing away from the wind is called the leeward side. The leeward side of a mountain is arid. The windward side has lush vegetation. The leeward side of a mountain is in the rain shadow and is usually a desert.

16. O - OCEAN CURRENTS Cold currents bring dry, cool air to the coastal areas. Warm currents bring warm, wet air to coastal areas. http://go.owu.edu/~jbkrygie/krygier_html/geog_111/geog_111_lo/geog_111_lo05_gr/3-16.jpg

17. P - PRESSURE AND PREVAILING WINDS: Pressure- High pressure is heavy, cold air. Low pressure is warm, light air. Heat rises. There are some fairly constant air pressure systems. Notice that these lines are located at 0, 30, 60, 90 (not 0, 23 ½, 66 ½, and 90)

18. http://www.worldstats.org/general_world/maps/prevailing_winds_big.gif Prevailing Winds- The Equator is surrounded by an area of calm called the Doldrums (ITCZ). The Trade Winds (Tropical Easterlies) blow from east to west (generally warm and moist). They run from about 30º N/S toward the Equator. Between 30º N/S and 60º N/S are the Westerlies (Prevailing Westerlies). They blow from west to east. Because the Westerlies and Trade Winds are traveling away from each other there is an area of calm between them called the Horse Latitudes. The Polar Easterlies blow from 90º in an eastward direction toward the Westerlies. There are serious thunderstorms around the 60º latitude line where the two wind patterns collide Notice that these lines are located at 0, 30, 60, 90 (not 0, 23 ½, 66 ½, and 90)

19. The Water Cycle

20. The Hydrologic Cycle

22. Temperate Grasslands

23. Climograph- Indicates average temperature and precipitation for an area. Line graph = Temperature Bar Graph = Precipitation http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/glossary/A_D/climograph.html

25. Settlement Cultural Hearths: _____________________________________________ ____________________________________ Start in RIVER VALLEYS. Farming allows for permanent settlement. (Nomadic to Urban settlements) Settlement follows predictable patterns: Physical: Near resources, water Human: Economics (jobs) Settlement patterns can change over time, especially with technology. Examples: people live in sunbelt of U.S. (south) because of air conditioning.

26. Migration Push Factors: why people leavePull Factors: why people come Economic: no jobs Cultural: gangs, ethnic violence Political: bad government - communism Environmental unclean, lack of resources Economic: better jobs Cultural: better schools Political: good government - democracy Environmental clean and safe environment

27. Human Environmental Interaction (HEI) Modifications to the environment: ______________________________________ __________________________ Adaptations to the environment: ______________________________________ __________________________ How do humans depend on their environment? How does technology affect HEI?

28. A periodic reversal of the pattern of ocean currents and water temperatures in the mid-pacific regions. Think about it - your farm is used to moist, warm air, and now it is getting cold, dry air….. General: El Niño episodes (left hand column) reflect periods of exceptionally warm sea surface temperatures across the eastern tropical Pacific. La Niña episodes (right hand column) represent periods of below-average sea-surface temperatures across the eastern tropical Pacific. These episodes typically last approximately 9-12 months. Sea-surface temperature (top) and departure (bottom) maps for December - February during strong El Niño and La Niña episodes are shown above.

29. Examples of extreme weather: El Nino: __________________, Floods, tsunamis: _______________, volcanoes, hurricanes (Typhoons), tornadoes, wildfires Consequences of extreme weather: ______________________________________ ________________________ How do humans interact with the environment to address these consequences?

30. Nonrenewable resources: ______________________________________ Renewable Resources: ______________________________________ Sustainable Development: ______________________________________ Examples

31. Level of Development Characteristics of More Developed Countries: Characteristics of Less Developed Countries: Characteristics of Newly Industrialized Countries:

32. Globalization- Benefits of Globalization Consequences of Globalization

33. Regions Formal Functional Perceptual

34. Places and Regions Place- a particular space with physical and human meaning. Region- areas united by specific factors Formal (uniform)- common characteristic such as a product Ex.- The Cornbelt Functional- is an urban central point (core) and surrounding area (periphery) that are connected to it. Ex- New Caney is in Houston’s functional region Perceptual- is defined by popular feelings and images Ex.- “Heartland”