1. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY

2. WHAT ARE SOME PROPERTIES OF GASES?  Gas particles have a lot of kinetic energy  There is a lot of space between the particles of gases  Under pressure the particles of a gas can be pushed together; Gases are compressible  The pressure of a gas is affected by the amount of gas, the temperature and the volume  Gases have mass, volume and density

3. WHAT ARE SOME COMMON GASES FOUND IN THE EARTHS ATMOSPHERE?  CO 2 -.04%  Ar –.93%  N 2 – 78%  O 2 – 21%

4. WHAT ARE THE STEPS OF THE CARBON CYCLE?  Respiration- animals exhale CO 2  Decay- returns C to the ground  Conversion of Fossil Fuels- carbon in the ground becomes oil, coal which we burn for fuel  Fire- releases carbon from material and returns it to atmosphere  Dissolved in Ocean- carbon is dissolved in water and part of rocks

6. WHAT ARE SOME UNIQUE PROPERTIES OF CARBON DIOXIDE?  Not flammable  More dense than air  Is an acid  Colorless  Odorless  Can be added to a liquid if pressure is applied

7. WHAT HAPPENS TO THE VOLUME OF A GAS AS THE PRESSURE INCREASES AT A CONSTANT TEMPERATURE?  As the pressure of a gas increases the volume goes down  As the volume of a gas increase the pressure goes down.  This inverse relationship between pressure and volume is called Boyle’s Law.

8. WHAT IS THE EQUATION THAT REPRESENTS BOYLE’S LAW?  P 1 X V 1 = P 2 X V 2

9. WHAT HAPPENS TO PRESSURE AS YOU CHANGE ALTITUDE?  As altitude increases, atmospheric pressure decreases  People who live at high altitudes have to bake their cakes at a different temperature because of the pressure difference.

10. WHAT HAPPENS TO THE VOLUME OF A GAS AS THE TEMPERATURE INCREASES AT CONSTANT PRESSURE?  As the temperature of a gas increases the volume increases.  As the volume of a gas increases the temperature increases.  This direct relationship is called Charles Law.

11. WHAT IS THE EQUATION THAT REPRESENTS CHARLE’S LAW? V 1 X V 2  T 1 T 2

12. WHAT HAPPENS TO TEMPERATURE OF A GAS AS THE PRESSURE INCREASES IF THE VOLUME STAYS THE SAME?  If the temperature of a gas increases the pressure will increase  If the temperature of a gas decreases the pressure will decrease  This direct relationship is called Guy- Lussac’s Law

13. WHAT IS THE FORMULA USED FOR REPRESENT GUY-LUSSAC’S LAW? P 1 X P 2 T 1 T 2

14. WHAT IS THE EQUATION FOR THE IDEAL GAS LAW?  PV=nRT  P=Pressure  V= Volume  n= number of molecules  R= 8.31  T=Temperature  * Real gases differ most from an ideal gas at low temperatures and high pressures

15. WHAT IS DALTON’S LAW?  In a mixture of gases the total pressure is the sum of the partial pressures  P Total = P 1 + P 2 + P 3

16. WHAT ARE SOME EXAMPLES OF DIFFUSION?

17. HOW DOES DIFFUSION DIFFER FROM EFFUSION?  Diffusion is the movement of a gas from an area of high concentration to low concentration  Effusion is when a gas escapes through a small hole in the container  Gases of lower mass diffuse and effuse faster than gases of higher mass

18. HOW DO THE DIFFERENT FORMS OF RADIATION COMPARE?  Electromagnetic Radiation: comes in different frequencies and different amounts of energy  Solar Radiation: travels through space and provides light and heat  Infared: 10 12 ; less energy than visible light  Visible Light: 10 15 Hertz; medium amount of energy  Ultraviolet: 10 16 Hertz; more energy than visible light

20. WHAT IS THE EFFECT OF THE DIFFERENT FORMS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION AFFECT THE EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE?  Electromagnetic Radiation: All of the different kinds of energies released into space by the stars; travels in waves  Solar Radiation: energy from the sun; visible light and heat make life possible  Infared: Part of the electromagnetic spectrum; you can’t see it but sense it as heat  Visible Light: the only part of the spectrum we can see; we see these waves as colors of the rainbow  Ultraviolet: we can’t see them but they cause sunburns

21. WHAT ARE THREE METHODS BY WHICH ENERGY IS TRANSFERRED THROUGHOUT THE ATMOSPHERE?  Conduction: the transfer of heat between substances that are in direct contact with each other.  Convection: occurs when warmer areas of a liquid or gas rise to cooler areas in the liquid or gas.  Radiation: heat is transmitted through open space no medium is required

22. WHAT HAPPENS THE MAJORITY OF THE ENERGY THAT COMES INTO THE ATMOSPHERE?  About 1/3 of the energy that enters the atmosphere is reflected back into space  Of the 2/3 that is left 50% is absorbed by the Earth’s surface the other 50% is absorbed by the atmosphere  Albedo can affect how much energy is absorbed by the Earth’s surface; snow and ice reflect more of the energy than the crops or soil

23. WHAT IS THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT?  Some of the energy radiated by the sun is converted to heat when it reaches the Earth.  This heat is absorbed by the atmospheric gases  The trapping and buildup of heat in the atmosphere near the Earth’s surface

24.  Greenhouse gases are natural or manmade  Greenhouse gases include: Water Vapor Carbon Dioxide Methane Nitrous Oxide Flourinated gases

25. WHAT IS SOME EVIDENCE FOR GLOBAL WARNING AND THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT?  The little Ice Age: ______________________________________________________ ___  Ice core samples: ______________________________________________________ ___