1. CHAPTER 4

2. 1.Enforcing Laws  Viewed as primary role, but police spend little time in this capacity 2.Providing Services  Overshadowed by crime-fighting role, but police spend most of their time servicing the community 3.Preventing Crime  Police prevent crime, in part by preserving the peace 4.Preserving the Peace  Related to preventing crime  Often involves “handling the situation” The Responsibilities of the Police

3.  Crime control was not the focus of the early American police departments  More about controlling certain groups of people  English colonists brought over the Night Watch System  All physically fit males were required to offer their services to protect the community  Population growth created a need to establish formal police forces A Short History of the American Police

4.  Evolution of American Law Enforcement  Early Police Departments  Philadelphia became the first city to hire both day and night watchmen in 1833  Boston formed the first organized police department in 1838  By the Civil War, many cities had police departments modeled on the Metropolitan Police of London  Political Era  Patronage system  Form of corruption in which the political party in power hires and promotes police officers, receiving job-related favors in return A Short History of the American Police

5.  Evolution of American Law Enforcement  Reform Era  Professional model of policing was promoted  Police chiefs took control of their departments  Salaries and working conditions improved  Women and minority members were hired  No focus on public relations  Community Era  Reform era had some drawbacks  Compounded by civil unrest  Police departments developed units devoted to community relations A Short History of the American Police

6. A History of the American Police

7.  Policing Today: Intelligence, Terrorism, and Technology  Many law enforcement experts believe that the 9-11 attacks ended the community era of policing  Emphasis has shifted to counterterrorism and surveillance through technology  Collecting, analyzing, and mapping crime data has become a hallmark of law enforcement in the 21st century The Modernization of the American Police

8.  Policing Today: Intelligence, Terrorism, and Technology  Intelligence-Led Policing  Behavior is not as random as we think  Can rely on data concerning past crime patterns to predict future crime patterns  Benefits  Allows police departments to be more effective in responding to and deterring crime while using fewer resources The Modernization of the American Police

9.  Policing Today: Intelligence, Terrorism, and Technology  The Challenges of Counterterrorism  The need to focus scarce resources to prevent and fight crimes that are relatively uncommon  Dealing with the scrutiny that comes with crimes that often have international implications  The difficult task of gathering information about crimes before they happen  Law Enforcement 2.0  Online Investigations and Intelligence  Technology on the Beat The Modernization of the American Police

10.  Hundreds of law enforcement agencies have their officers go undercover and create fake social media profiles (Facebook) to be able to connect with people who are committing illegal activities.  What are the pros associated with this police practice?  What are the cons associated with this police practice? Discussion Question #1

11.  Basic requirements  U.S. Citizen  No felony convictions  Have a driver’s license (be eligible for one)  At least 21 years of age  Meet weight and eyesight requirements  Other conditions  Background checks and tests  Educational requirements Recruitment and Training

12.  Training  Once an applicant gets through the application process there is a probationary period  Can last 6 to 18 months  Two major components: 1.Academy training  Recruits learn the essentials of police work in a controlled, militarized environment  Taught laws of search, seizure, arrest, interrogation, weapons, securing a crime scene, first aid, self- defense, etc… 2.Field training  Recruit is paired with a senior police officer and has opportunity to apply what was learned in the academy “to the streets” Recruitment and Training

13.  What age should be the minimum and maximum for a starting police officer?  Explain your thoughts.  What is the minimum education level you think all starting officers should possess?  Explain your thoughts. Discussion Question #2

14.  As recent as 1968 African Americans represented only 5% of all sworn officers in the U.S.  Even fewer women  Over the past twenty years many police departments have actively tried to recruit African Americans, Hispanics, Asian Americans, women, and other minorities  Antidiscrimination Law and Affirmative Action  Discrimination by law enforcement agencies violates federal law  Discrimination occurs when an individual’s characteristics (gender and race) impact hiring and promotion  Since the 1970s many law enforcement agencies have created affirmative action programs to increase diversity of their employees Women and Minorities in Policing Today

15.  Added Scrutiny  They must constantly “prove” themselves  Many male officers feel that female officers are mentally soft, physically weak, and not suited for police work  Tokenism  The belief that they were hired/promoted to fulfill diversity requirements  Creates pressure to prove the stereotypes wrong  Most negative attitudes towards female officers is based on prejudice  Very little difference between the performance of men and women in uniform Working Women: Gender and Law Enforcement

16.  Are males or females better with each of the following responsibilities of the police?  Enforcing the law  Providing Services  Preventing Crime  Preserving the Peace  Explain your position with examples both real and hypothetical.  Ask the women in your class would they rather have a female partner.  Ask the men in your class would they rather have a male partner. Discussion Question #3

17.  Double Marginality – minority officers are viewed with suspicion by both sides  White police officers believe that minority officers will give members of their own race preferential treatment  Minority officers face hostility from members of their own community  The Benefits of a Diverse Police Force  An integrated police force could develop a better relationship with a racially diverse citizenry  Better community-police relations and a better ability to solve and prevent crimes Minority Report: Race and Ethnicity in law Enforcement

18. Minorities in Local Law Enforcement

19.  There are over 18,000 law enforcement agencies in the United States, employing more than 1.1 million people  Approximately 880,000 sworn law enforcement officers  Operate on three different levels:  Local  State  Federal Public and Private Law Enforcement

20.  Municipal Law Enforcement Agencies  Most officers with arrest powers work in a small and medium sized police department  Municipal departments have the broadest authority to apprehend suspects, maintain order and provide services to the community  Sheriffs and County Law Enforcement  Sheriffs are the primary law enforcement officer in a county usually elected by a popular vote  Size and responsibility of sheriff’s department:  Investigate crimes  Maintain the county jail  Carry out civil and criminal processes  Keep order in the courthouse  Collect taxes  Enforce orders of court  The County Coroner is another elected official at the county level  The medical examiner  Determines cause of death in sudden or suspicious deaths Public and Private Law Enforcement

21.  State Police and Highway Patrols  Assist local police agencies  Investigate criminal activity that cross jurisdictions  Provide law enforcement in rural and other areas that do not have local or county police agencies  23 state police agencies in U.S.  26 highway patrol agencies in U.S. Public and Private Law Enforcement

22.  Federal Law Enforcement Agencies  Employees in federal agencies do not make up a large part of U.S. law enforcement  Enforce federal laws  The Department of Homeland Security  U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP)  Unregulated border entry  U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)  The U.S. Secret Service  Additional agencies  U.S. Coast Guard  Transportation Security Administration (TSA)  Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Public and Private Law Enforcement

23.  Federal Law Enforcement Agencies  The Department of Justice  Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI)  Investigates violations of over 200 federal laws  Combats worldwide criminal activity like terrorism and drug trafficking  Provides support for local and state law enforcement agencies  Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)  Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF)  U.S. Marshals Service Public and Private Law Enforcement

24.  Federal Law Enforcement Agencies  The Department of the Treasury  Responsible for all financial matters of the federal government  The IRS is the largest bureau in this department and is concerned with violations of tax laws and regulations  The criminal investigation division of the IRS investigates cases of tax evasion and tax fraud Federal Law Enforcement Agencies

26.  Private Security  Police do not have the ability to prevent every crime  Over 2 million people provide security services nationwide  Privatizing Law Enforcement  Ideally security officers will only observe and report criminal activity  The function of private security is to deter crime rather than stop it  Continued Health of the Industry  Public’s increased fear of crime  The problem of crime in the workplace  Increased demand due to budget cuts and reductions in the number of public police  Awareness of private security products and services as cost-effective protective measures Public and Private Law Enforcement

27.  With local, county, state, federal and private security, do you think the United States is over- policed? Or, do you think we do not have enough law enforcement officers/agencies in the country?  Do you think that we spend too much money on policing in this country?  Where else could this money go? Discussion Question #4