2. (Prosencephalon) (Rhombencephalon)

3. The Brain: Older Brain Structures The Brainstem is the oldest part of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells and enters the skull. It is responsible for automatic survival functions.

4. Brainstem The Medulla is the base of the brainstem that controls heartbeat and breathing. It regulates vomiting, sneezing, coughing, and swallowing.

5. Brainstem The Pons sits above the medulla and is involved in sleeping and waking (arousal) as well as in dreaming.

6. Brainstem Reticular Formation (Reticular Activating System) is a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal.

7. The “little brain” attached to the rear of the brainstem. It helps coordinate voluntary movements and balance. Cerebellum

8. A tour through the brain: The Brainstem Medulla Vital involuntary functions Pons Sleep and arousal Reticular activating system (RAS)/Reticular Formation Arousal, attention Cerebellum Motor coordination & balance A tour through the brain: The Brainstem

9. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 3–93–9 The Midbrain Controls certain types of automatic behaviors that integrate simple movements with sensory input (auditory/visual functions & motor function) Connects hindbrain with forebrain Sections of midbrain are tectum & tegmentum

10. The Central Nervous System – The Forebrain – Subcortical region: The region located within the brain, beneath the cortical surface. – Sulcus: A groove in the surface of the cerebral hemisphere, smaller than a fissure. – Fissure: A major groove in the surface of the brain, larger than a sulcus. Fissure: – Gyrus: A convolution of the cortex of the cerebral hemispheres, separated by sulci or fissures.

11. Figure 3.14 Major Structures of the Forebrain

12. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 3–12 The Limbic System Saul Kassin, Psychology. Copyright © 1995 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Reprinted by permission.

13. The Limbic System is a doughnut-shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebrum, associated with emotions such as fear, aggression and drives for food and sex. It includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus. The Limbic System

14. The Thalamus is the brain’s sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem. It directs messages to the sensory areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla.

15. Hypothalamus The Hypothalamus lies below (hypo) the thalamus. It directs several maintenance activities like eating, drinking, body temperature, and control of emotions. It helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland.

16. Amygdala The Amygdala consists of two lima bean-sized neural clusters linked to the emotions of fear and anger.

17. The Limbic System & related structures Thalamus Sensory relay station Hypothalamus Regulates glands, autonomic NS, hunger, thirst, sex, reproduction, body temp Pituitary gland Sends signals to other glands; involved in growth Amygdala Fear, anger, and aggression Hippocampus Memory formation The Limbic System & Related Structures

18. Basal Ganglia The basal ganglia are involved in movement coordination, voluntary movement, and learning.

19. It produces melatonin, a hormone that affects the modulation of wake/sleep patterns and seasonal functions.melatonin Pineal Gland

20. Is responsible for controlling circadian rhythms. The neuronal and hormonal activities it generates regulate many different body functions in a 24-hour cycle.circadian rhythms Located near the hypothalamus Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

21. The olfactory bulb is a structure of the forebrain involved in the perception of odors. Olfactory Bulb Located in telencephalon of forebrain

22. Cingulate Gyrus An important part of the limbic system, the cingulate gyrus helps regulate emotions and pain; may drive the body's conscious response to unpleasant experiences

23. Locus Coeruleus Located in the brainstem, the locus coeruleus is involved in our experience of stress, anxiety, and panic It interacts with limbic system structures, particularly the amygdala

24. The cerebrum Divided into 2 hemispheres Corpus callosum Bundle of nerve fibers connecting the left and right hemispheres

25. Cerebral cortex 6 Layers-outermost surface of the brain Higher forms of thinking

26. Structure of the Cortex Each brain hemisphere is divided into four lobes that are separated by prominent fissures. These lobes are the frontal lobe (forehead), parietal lobe (top to rear head), occipital lobe (back head) and temporal lobe (side of head).

27. The Four Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex Occipital lobe Visual cortex (sight) Parietal lobe Somatosensory cortex (touch) Temporal lobe Auditory cortex (hearing) Wernicke’s area Frontal lobe Prefrontal cortex (strategic & effortful processing, goal directed behaviors) Motor cortex (voluntary movement Broca’s area

28. Figure 3.16 The Cerebral Cortex

29. Functions of the Cortex The Motor Cortex is the area at the rear of the frontal lobes that control voluntary movements. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/tryit/brain/# The Sensory Cortex (parietal cortex) receives information from skin surface and sense organs.

30. Visual Function The functional MRI scan shows the visual cortex is active as the subject looks at faces. Courtesy of V.P. Clark, K. Keill, J. Ma. Maisog, S. Courtney, L.G. Ungerleider, and J.V. Haxby, National Institute of Mental Health

31. Auditory Function The functional MRI scan shows the auditory cortex is active in patients who hallucinate.

32. More intelligent animals have increased “uncommitted” or association areas of the cortex. Association Areas

33. Language Aphasia is an impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area (impaired speaking) or to Wernicke’s area (impaired understanding).

34. The brain is sculpted by our genes but also by our experiences. Plasticity refers to the brain’s ability to modify itself after some types of injury or illness. http://www.psychexchange.co.uk/videos/view/20470/ The Brain’s Plasticity

35. Our Divided Brain Our brain is divided into two hemispheres. The left hemisphere processes reading, writing, speaking, mathematics, and comprehension skills. In the 1960s, it was termed as the dominant brain.

36. Splitting the Brain A procedure in which the two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) between them. Corpus Callosum Martin M. Rother Courtesy of Terence Williams, University of Iowa

37. Split Brain Patients With the corpus callosum severed, objects (apple) presented in the right visual field can be named. Objects (pencil) in the left visual field cannot.

38. Divided Consciousness

39. Try This! Try drawing one shape with your left hand and one with your right hand, simultaneously. http://www.psychexchange.co.uk/videos/view/20306/ BBC

40. Figure 3.17 Motor and Somatosensory Cortex Reprinted with the permission of Simon & Schuster from THE CEREBRAL CORTEX OF MAN by Wilder Penfield and Theodore Rasmussen. Copyright 1950 by Macmillan Publishing Company; copyright renewed © 1978 by Theodore Rasmussen

42. Cranial Nerves 1.Olfactory 2.Optic 3.Oculomotor 4.Trochlear 5.Trigeminal 6.Abducens 7.Facial 8.Auditory 9.Glossopharyngeal 10.Vagus 11.Spinal 12.Hypoglossal

43. Copyright © 2004 Allyn and Bacon

44. http://www.psychexchange.co.uk/videos/view /20060/ Brain Story (49 minutes)