1. Transformation of Urban America Chapter 19 AP US History

3. What led to the rise of urban America?

4. Push/Pull Factors PUSH: Revolution Pogroms Massacres Persecution Famine Low Wages Land

6. Push/Pull Factors PULL Jobs – women and men looking for work Modern Transportation Wages – lure of economic opportunities Land Shelter Social Opportunities/Social Mobility Freedom Safety

8. QUESTION? Does America have a duty to keep its doors open to the world? Is continued economic growth in America dependent upon immigrant labor? Who is to be held responsible for the increase in illegal immigration?

9. Changing Face of Immigration 1815 – 1860 –10 million Northern European Immigrants 3 million Germans 2 million English, Scottish, and Welsh 1.5 Irish 1890-1920 –18 million “ new immigrants ” Peasants from Southern and Eastern Europe

10. Why did these immigrants come to the United States? Overpopulation Rapid Industrialization America – “ Land of Opportunity ” –“ Give me your tired, your wretched/ Your huddled masses yearning to breath free/ The wretched refuse of your teeming shore, Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door!" Crop failure/Famine Persecution of minorities in Europe Make money and return home (25%)

11. Ellis Island Location

12. Ellis Island Processing

14. Processing in Ellis Island

15. The Inspection A. Each immigrant was given a 2 minute medical inspection and asked 32 background questions. B. The experience was humiliating and dehumanizing and immigrants were tagged according to language. C. Difficult last names were often changed by inspectors. Examples: Jaroszewicz and Mikolajczyk.

16. Physical Inspection

18. Treatments of Immigrants A. Oldcomer vs. Newcomer. Before 1880, 85% of immigrants came from W. Europe and were Protestant. B. After 1880, an increase in numbers from Ireland and E. Europe and were Catholic and Jewish. C. Immigrants were uneducated, unskilled and discriminated against. D. Fierce job competition among immigrants, i.e. Italians and Irish. E. Created ethnic neighborhoods for protections and survival.

19. Urbanization A. Settled in big cities, industrial centers and port cities. B. “ Five-cents-a-spots ” lodging. Illegal and unsafe. C. Conditions were dirty, uncomfortable, and life threatening. D. Example: 1231 people in a 120 room tenement house. A single bathtub for 3 city blocks of people.

20. Five Cent Housing

21. Life for Immigrants Lived near others of same ethnicity Crowded conditions Struggled to maintain culture

22. Chinese Immigration Burlingame Treaty (1868) Came to work Gender imbalance Highest percentage to move home REACTION TO CHINESE: Workingmen ’ s Party of California – Kearny Chinese Exclusion Act

23. Economic and Social Opportunities for all Americans Commercial Districts grow More Jobs Lure of entertainment and amenities New Frontier for women

24. How did urban transportation networks change cities?

25. The First Urban Network: The Horse Car 15,000 horse deaths Horse droppings Moved to the electric car.

26. Result of Urban Networks Wealthy moved Poor relocated How does this picture illustrate “ white flight ” ?

27. Four Main Classes Emerge Super Wealthy (nouveau riche) Wealthy Middle Class Working Class

28. City life different from small town life Hours changed Neighbor relationships Ethnic communities Conditions worse –Rampant Crime –Unsanitary Conditions –Poor Housing: “ Dumbell Tenement ”

29. Why did so many young women move to cities? Growing commercialization on farms Factories needed women

30. How did industrialization change women ’ s role in society? “ Real labor ” gained a market value – seen as man ’ s work. Female tasks were demeaned Household more connected to women and leisure. Caste emerged among women workers

31. View the following pictures and think about what life would be like for immigrants and the poor in urban cities.

32. Tenement Yard. Photo by Jacob Riis

33. Tenement Housing, New York City. Photo by Jacob Riis

34. Chicago Tenement. Photo by Lewis Hine

36. Child Labor

37. Textile Mills

38. Rise of “ Eugenics ” Science of eugenics – heredity determined cultural and social patterns. Selective human breeding would advance civilization. Eugenics provided “ scientific proof ” that “ inferiors ” were causing America ’ s social problems.