1. RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS
Presented By,
ALFAS REHMAN P.A

2. CONTENTS Introduction Reciprocating compressor Working principle
Thermodynamic cycle
Classification
Major components
Single and Multi stage compressors
Intercoolers
Grasso Piston compressors
AC series compressors
RC series compressors
V series compressors
Packaged air compressor
Applications
Advantages
Disadvantages

3. INTRODUCTION
Refrigeration is one of the emerging field in the industrial segments, and it significantly influence us in our day to day life. Compressor is the heart of a refrigeration system. A compressor is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of working fluid by reducing its volume here refrigerant is the working fluid. Reciprocating Compressors are one of the most widely used types of compressors for refrigeration and air conditioning applications.

4. RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR
Reciprocating compressor is a machine which is used to increase the pressure energy of the working fluid by means of piston cylinder arrangement, here in refrigeration the working fluid is refrigerant. It is a positive displacement compressor that uses pistons driven by a crankshafts to deliver gases at high pressure.

5. WORKING PRINCIPLE
The reciprocating compressors comprise of the piston and the cylinder arrangement similar to the automotive engine. While the engine generates power after consuming fuel, the reciprocating compressor consumes electricity to compress the refrigerant. Inside the cylinder the piston performs reciprocating motion which enables the compression of refrigerant inside it.

6. THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE
Clearance volume is the space remaining in the compressor cylinder at the end of the stroke. At the completion of each compression stroke, the compressed gas trapped in the clearance space expands against the piston and adds to the force of the return stroke.
Expansion of the gas trapped in the clearance space occurs before the suction valve opens to admit new gas into the cylinder. As a result, part of the piston displacement occurs before the suction valve opens. The compression process in reciprocating compressors is nearly isentropic.

7. CLASSIFICATION According to alignment of cylinder
Horizontal , Vertical , Inclined and V type.
According to number of stages
Single and multiple
According to design
Open type and Hermetic type
According to number of cylinders
Single cylinder and Multiple cylinders
According to pressure
Low pressure compressors and High pressure compressors
According to lubrication
Lubricated type and Non lubricated type
According to action
Single acting and Double acting

8. MAJOR COMPONENTS Piston and cylinder Crank shaft Connecting rod
Suction and Discharge valves

9. Single and multi stage compressors
In a single stage reciprocating compressor it is not practical to produce compressed fluid at high pressure. Compressor performance typically approximates isentropic compression, allowing an increase in the gas temperature over the course of the compression process. In a two-stage compressor, air is partially compressed using isentropic compression, and then cooled in a heat exchanger, called an intercooler. We can see that there is a distinct efficiency advantage to multiple stages when intercoolers are used.

10. INTERCOOLERS
An intercooler is any mechanical device used to cool a fluid, including liquids or gases, between stages of a multi-stage heating process, typically a heat exchanger that removes waste heat in a gas compressor. They are used in many applications, including compressors, air conditioners, refrigerators, and gas turbines.

11. GRASSO PISTON COMPRESSORS
GEA Grasso have manufactured a 3 series of reciprocating compressors so far. They are introduced based on the chronological order.
AC series compressors
RC series compressors
V series compressors

12. 1.AC series compressors
The AC series are open compressors. Here I am talking about AC 80R model in order to get a basic idea about its classification. The model AC80R consists of 8 types with 4,5,6,7,8,10,12 and 16 respectively.

13. 2.RC series compressors
RC series
RC9
RC10
RC11
RC12
RC12E
Here I am talking about RC9 model. The range of RC9 compressors includes 3-single-stage and 2 two-stage compressor types.

14. 3.V SERIES COMPRESSORS KEY FEATURES
GEA Grasso has officially launched its Vseries compressors to market in With the GEA Grasso V series compressor series , Grasso starts a complete new era in the refrigeration market.
The modern GEA Grasso V series is a piston compressor that features a maintenance monitor that shows upcoming service intervals.
KEY FEATURES
Unique steel welded compressor housing.
Maintenance monitoring facility
Suitable for speed control
Low noise level
Low Total Cost of Ownership

15. PACKAGED REFRIGERATION COMPRESSOR
A GEA Grasso compressor component included in the V series lubricated type direct drive execution which ranges from 150 to 900 kW.
Type: Refrigerant
Technology: piston
Lubrication: lubricated
Portability: stationary
Other characteristics: direct-drive
Power:
Min.: 150 kW ( hp)
Max.: 900 kW ( hp)

16. APPLICATIONS Marine Supermarkets Process cooling Railway
Commercial travelling
Ice rinks
Fishing and food industries
Air conditioning
Transport refrigeration
Cleanroom technology

17. ADVANTAGES
Reciprocating compressors are cheaper, it costs about half the rotary compressors.
Low installation and service cost as it have low maintenance points.
Ideal for light use - For smaller jobs, reciprocating air compressors are more efficient and more affordable. If you need a compressor for your home workshop, this is the way to go.
Durable - Reciprocating air compressors tend to be very sturdy and reliable. They are able to withstand harsh environments.

18. DISADVANTAGES Heavy foundation. Pulsating flow. Low reliability.
High maintenance.
Torsional imbalance.
Noisy operation.
High wear and tear.
High oil carry over (greater than 10 ppm).

19. CONCLUSION
Refrigeration is one of the emerging segment in the industrial as well as commercial segment. Compressors are the heart of a refrigeration system. Reciprocating compressors are still the most common choice for many small compressed air system users. For many of these applications , the relatively low demand and quality needed make the piston a cost effective choice. Because of their higher efficiency, low initial cost and maintenance cost it is being successfully used in small scale applications.

20. THANK YOU…