1. Parasites

2. Symbiotic Relationships Symbiosis- animals of different species that live in close association with each other Symbiosis- animals of different species that live in close association with each other At least 3 kinds of symbiosis At least 3 kinds of symbiosis

3. Mutualism Beneficial to both species Beneficial to both species

4. Oxpecker and Impala

5. Commensalism One benefits, the other is not harmed One benefits, the other is not harmed

6. Cattle Egret

7. Parasitism Beneficial to one specie, harmful to the other Beneficial to one specie, harmful to the other Accounts for almost all symbiosis Accounts for almost all symbiosis The animal that lives off of the other animal is the parasite The animal that lives off of the other animal is the parasite The animal that the parasite lives on is the host The animal that the parasite lives on is the host

8. Ticks

9. Why are parasites a big deal? Parasitism causes almost a billion dollars worth of damage a year. Parasitism causes almost a billion dollars worth of damage a year. There are different types of damage caused. There are different types of damage caused.

10. Anemia Most parasites live off the blood of the host animal. Most parasites live off the blood of the host animal. Continual loss of blood leads to anemia. Continual loss of blood leads to anemia. Blood provides animals with oxygen and food nutrients. Blood provides animals with oxygen and food nutrients. Parasites cause blood supply to diminish, thus causing the animal to get ill from lack of oxygen and nutrients. Parasites cause blood supply to diminish, thus causing the animal to get ill from lack of oxygen and nutrients. Animals become sluggish, feel poorly, and don’t grow like they should. Animals become sluggish, feel poorly, and don’t grow like they should.

11. Weakened Immunity Animals that are hosts to parasites are in a weakened condition. Animals that are hosts to parasites are in a weakened condition. This makes them more likely to get diseases. This makes them more likely to get diseases. Their immune system weakens, making it harder to fight off common diseases. Their immune system weakens, making it harder to fight off common diseases.

12. Parasites as Carrying Agents Parasites can carry disease organisms from one animal to another. Parasites can carry disease organisms from one animal to another. An insect may feed on an infected animal and then feed on a healthy animal and transmit disease organisms. An insect may feed on an infected animal and then feed on a healthy animal and transmit disease organisms.

13. Malaria

14. Other Effects of Parasites Animals with parasites are almost always uncomfortable. Animals with parasites are almost always uncomfortable. Parasites cause irritation of the skin, intestinal tract, or other parts of the body. Parasites cause irritation of the skin, intestinal tract, or other parts of the body. Animals with parasites spend most of their time trying to alleviate the pain and itch, and therefore, they perform poorly. Animals with parasites spend most of their time trying to alleviate the pain and itch, and therefore, they perform poorly.

15. Categories of Parasites Internal- inside the body Internal- inside the body External- on the hair or skin External- on the hair or skin

16. Life Cycle of Parasites Some parasites live their entire life on or in the host animal, but most live only a portion of their life on or in the host. Some parasites live their entire life on or in the host animal, but most live only a portion of their life on or in the host. Insects go through four complete life stages from the time they hatch until they are mature adults capable of reproducing. Insects go through four complete life stages from the time they hatch until they are mature adults capable of reproducing. This cycle is called metamorphosis. This cycle is called metamorphosis. At each of the stages, the parasite looks completely different. At each of the stages, the parasite looks completely different.

17. Insect Development

18. Internal Parasites May feed on the animal’s blood or on feed that passed through the animals May feed on the animal’s blood or on feed that passed through the animals Divided into three major groups: roundworms, tapeworms, and flukes Divided into three major groups: roundworms, tapeworms, and flukes

19. Roundworms

20. Roundworms Cause more damage to livestock than another group of internal parasites Cause more damage to livestock than another group of internal parasites Infect almost all species and live in digestive tracts Infect almost all species and live in digestive tracts Burrow into the lining of the host’s stomach and suck the animals blood Burrow into the lining of the host’s stomach and suck the animals blood

21. Roundworms By digging into the stomach lining, the worm damages the tissue of the stomach, enzymes are not produced, and the host cannot digest food very well. By digging into the stomach lining, the worm damages the tissue of the stomach, enzymes are not produced, and the host cannot digest food very well. Poisons are released by the worms as they digest their food and excrete the waste into the host animal. Poisons are released by the worms as they digest their food and excrete the waste into the host animal. –These cause the host to get ill.

22. Roundworms Worms lay eggs in the stomach of the host and pass out of the animal in the feces. Worms lay eggs in the stomach of the host and pass out of the animal in the feces. While in the feces, the eggs hatch into larvae and the larvae crawl out onto a blade of grass. While in the feces, the eggs hatch into larvae and the larvae crawl out onto a blade of grass. A grazing animal then eats the grass and ingests the larvae. A grazing animal then eats the grass and ingests the larvae. Once ingested, the worms burrow into the stomach lining, lay eggs, and repeat the process. Once ingested, the worms burrow into the stomach lining, lay eggs, and repeat the process.

23. Roundworms Another type of roundworm is the strongyle. Another type of roundworm is the strongyle. Similar to stomach worms, except they live in the intestine. Similar to stomach worms, except they live in the intestine. They cause scar tissue in the small intestine and by sucking blood from the host animal. They cause scar tissue in the small intestine and by sucking blood from the host animal. A damaged intestine reduces the efficiency of the digestive system. A damaged intestine reduces the efficiency of the digestive system. These are particularly damaging to horses and can cause colic. These are particularly damaging to horses and can cause colic.

24. Roundworms

25. Roundworms

26. Tapeworms Worms are segmented. Worms are segmented. Each of these segments contains both male and female reproductive organs, meaning each segment can produce fertilized eggs. Each of these segments contains both male and female reproductive organs, meaning each segment can produce fertilized eggs. Segments break off the body of the worms and reproduce. Segments break off the body of the worms and reproduce.

27. Tapeworms Tapeworms cause less damage than roundworms because they don’t feed on blood or cause scarring of the digestive tract. Tapeworms cause less damage than roundworms because they don’t feed on blood or cause scarring of the digestive tract. They live in the small intestine. They live in the small intestine. Some reach the length of 25 feet. Some reach the length of 25 feet. They feed off of the animal’s feed that passes into the intestine. They feed off of the animal’s feed that passes into the intestine.

28. Tapeworms Life cycle begins when the segments of the tapeworm break off and pass through in the feces. Life cycle begins when the segments of the tapeworm break off and pass through in the feces. Each segment contains eggs that hatch out in the feces. Each segment contains eggs that hatch out in the feces. The eggs are eaten by a small mite called an oribatid mite that lives in the grasses found in pastures. The eggs are eaten by a small mite called an oribatid mite that lives in the grasses found in pastures.

29. The Role of the Mite Mite serves as an intermediate host. Mite serves as an intermediate host. –Intermediate host is not harmed by the parasite. Since the mite lives on grasses, they are swallowed by grazing animals. Since the mite lives on grasses, they are swallowed by grazing animals. The eggs are then passed through the animal to the small intestine, where they hatch and live until maturity. The eggs are then passed through the animal to the small intestine, where they hatch and live until maturity.

30. Tapeworm

31. Flukes Small, seed-shaped flatworms that live in various parts of the host animal Small, seed-shaped flatworms that live in various parts of the host animal Most damaging of the flukes live in the liver Most damaging of the flukes live in the liver Adults lay eggs in the bile duct, and they pass through to the intestines and out the feces. Adults lay eggs in the bile duct, and they pass through to the intestines and out the feces. These parasites need an intermediate host. These parasites need an intermediate host.

32. Flukes In order for the eggs to hatch, they must land in water. In order for the eggs to hatch, they must land in water. After the larvae hatch, they swim in search of snails to serve as intermediate hosts. After the larvae hatch, they swim in search of snails to serve as intermediate hosts. Once the they find the snails, they enter them to develop and reproduce. Once the they find the snails, they enter them to develop and reproduce. The larvae divide asexually. The larvae divide asexually.

33. Flukes The new larvae emerge and attach to plants in or near the water. The new larvae emerge and attach to plants in or near the water. Livestock eat the plants and become infected with the flukes. Livestock eat the plants and become infected with the flukes. The flukes eat their way through the walls of the digestive tract and migrate to the liver where they feed on the host’s blood. The flukes eat their way through the walls of the digestive tract and migrate to the liver where they feed on the host’s blood.

34. Flukes Begin to lay eggs in 3 months Begin to lay eggs in 3 months Flukes cause liver damage Flukes cause liver damage Livers from animals infected with flukes are not fit for human consumption. Livers from animals infected with flukes are not fit for human consumption.

35. Flukes