2. Course Objective Understanding of biology based personal or social problems and issues such as health, nutrition, environmental management and human adaptation. Ability to resolve problems and issues in a biosocial context involving values or ethical consideration Understanding of basic biological principles such as genetics, nutrition, evolution, reproduction of various life forms, structure & function, relationship, diseases, diversities, integration of life systems, life-cycle, & energetic.

3. Benefits of Biological Sciences Focusing on Agriculture & Industry Environmental issues Biological warfare Aid to scientific communities

4. Learning outcome Learning the potential of Engineering Living System Understand key common features of Living System, Cellular structure & function Basic understanding of cellular metabolism, Physiological processes & Metabolic engineering Basic of Cell Division, Gene Control & Expression Basic understanding of practical aspects of genetic engineering

5. Benefits of Biotechnology Genetically engineered food High yield varieties Pest & disease control Less erosion Human applications Transgenic animals/ plants Health care & diagnosis …

6. Significance & Applications Synthetic Biology Inclusion of technology in daily life Chemical Engineering - Eg. Bio-fuels, bio warfare Civil Engineering – Eg. Waste Management, Forestation & Deforestation Agriculture Engineering - Eg. Agricultural tools and techniques, High yield products, Composting etc

7. Biology - Definition Biology is the science of life forms and living processes.

8. Salient Features of Living Beings – Animals as well as Plants Growth Reproduction Metabolism Cellular Composition Sensibility

9. Branches of Biology Taxonomy Anatomy Cytogenetics (Cytology + Genomics) Histology Physiology Neurology Endocrinology Ecology Applied Biology/ Synthetic Biology: AnthropologyIchthyology SericulturePisci-culture ApicultureDairyand alike…

10. Cytology Cytology is study of structure and function of cell Cell is structural and functional unit of life. Life forms: Unicellular & Multicellular organisms Unicellular Organisms are capable of : i. Independent existence ii. performing the essential functions of life.

11. Discovery of Cell Robert Hooke (mid-1600s): Observed sliver of cork Saw “row of empty boxes” Coined the term “cell”

12. Cell Theory Propounded by Matthias Schleiden (a botanist, 1838)& Theodor Schwann (a zoologist, 1839): All the living organisms are composed of cells and product of cells Smallest living unit of structure and function of all organisms is the cell All cells arise from the pre-existing cells

13. Cell Structure

14. Cell Size

15. 1. 1–100µm 2. Why is there a limit to cell size? a. Surface-to-volume ratio b. Distance from surface to center Cell Size

16. adult human tallest trees chicken egg frog embryo most eukaryotic cells mitochondrion most bacteria virus proteins atoms diameter of DNA double helix

17. Surface-Area Ratio

18. Characteristics of All Cells A surrounding membrane Protoplasm – cell contents in thick fluid Organelles – structures for cell function Control center with DNA

19. Cell Types Prokaryotic Eukaryotic

20. Prokaryotic Cells First cell type on earth Cell type of Bacteria and Archaea

21. Prokaryotic Cells Have no membrane-bound organelles Include true bacteria On earth 3.8 million years Found nearly everywhere Spores in each breath; intestines Naturally in soil, air, hot springs

22. Eukaryotic Cells Nucleus bound by membrane Include algae, fungi, plant and animal cells Possess many organelles Protozoan

23. Representative Animal Cell

24. Representative Plant Cell

25. chloroplast central vacuole rough endoplasmic reticulum ribosomes microtubules (part of cytoskeleton) cell wall mitochondrion Golgi complex plasma membrane intermediate filaments smooth endoplasmic reticulum free ribosome vesicle nuclear pore chromatin nucleolus nuclear envelope nucleus

26. ribosomes cell wall plasma membrane food granule prokaryotic flagellum cytoplasm nucleoid (DNA)

27. Cell Organelles Cellular machinery Two general kinds Derived from membranes Bacteria-like organelles

28. Cell Walls Surrounds plasma membrane Found in fungi & plant cells Chemical Composition of cell wall: Fungi – Chitin; Plant Cells - Cellulose

29. Plasma Membrane Contains cell contents Double layer of phospholipids & proteins

30. Movement Across the Plasma Membrane Hence known as Selectively Permeable Membrane A few molecules move freely such as Water, Carbon dioxide, Ammonia, Oxygen Carrier proteins transport some molecules Proteins embedded in lipid bi-layer Fluid mosaic model – describes fluid nature of a lipid bi- layer with proteins

32. Phospholipids 2 Parts of Phospholipids: Hydrophilic head Hydrophobic tail

33. Membrane Proteins 1. Channels or transporters Move molecules in one direction 2. Receptors Recognize certain chemicals

34. Membrane Proteins 3. Glycoproteins Identify cell type 4. Enzymes Catalyze production of substances

35. Cytoplasm Viscous fluid containing organelles components of cytoplasm: Interconnected filaments & fibers Fluid = cytosol Organelles (not nucleus) storage substances

36. Cytoskeleton Filaments & fibers Composed of 3 types: Microfilaments Microtubules Intermediate filaments Performs 3 functions: mechanical support anchor organelles help move substances

37. Nucleus Control center of cell Double membrane structure Contains : Chromosomes Nucleolus

38. Nuclear Envelope Separates nucleus from rest of the cell Double membrane porous structure

39. nuclear pores chromatin nucleolus nuclear envelope

40. nuclear pores nucleus

41. Function of Nucleolus Directs synthesis of RNA Synthesis of ribosome

42. DNA Hereditary material Composition of DNA: N- Base Pairs Pentose Sugar Phosphate Functions of DNA: DNA Replication Proteins Synthesis Form the basis for cell division

43. Membranous Organelles Functional components within cytoplasm Bound by membranes

44. Let’s revise…… Define Biology. Name two types of cells. Give one similarity between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes. _________is present in plant cell only. Mitochondria is also known as ____________ Suicidal bags are _____________. Cell organelles are bounded by_______and ________in the cytoplasm.

45. Eukaryotic cell structure Nucleus is control center of the cell 1. Membrane bound (nuclear envelope) 2. Contains nucleoli; synthesizes ribosomal RNA 3. DNA in chromosomes (DNA and proteins)

46. Eukaryotic cell structure Organelles Endoplasmic reticulum consists of folded membranes attached to the nucleus Rough ER is site for protein synthesis Smooth ER is site for Lipid synthesis

47. Eukaryotic Cell Structure Organelles (cont.) Ribosomes assemble amino acid into polypeptide chains a. Associated with the ER b. Composed of RNA and proteins

48. Eukaryotic Cell Structure Organelles (cont.) Golgi apparatus are membranous sacs associated with ER a. Processing and transport of proteins, lipids b. Synthesis and transport of polysaccharides

49. Eukaryotic cell structure Organelles (cont.) Lysosomes are Golgi-derived vesicles containing digestive enzymes

50. Eukaryotic Cells: Organelles Energy sources for cell activities Mitochondria provide energy for cellular functions (respiration) a. Membrane bound, numerous b. Matrix/cristae c. Have their own DNA and ribosomes; self-replicate

51. Eukaryotic Cells: Organelles Energy sources for cell activities Chloroplasts—function in photosynthesis 1) Green—contain chlorophyll pigment 2) Stroma/grana (thylakoid stacks) 3) Have their own DNA and ribosomes; self-replicate 4) Up to 100 per cell

52. Eukaryotic Cells: Organelles Cytoskeleton Internal infrastructure Surface structures extensions of the plasma membrane aid in movement of simple organisms

53. Mitochondria Have their own DNA Bound by double membrane

54. Mitochondria Break down fuel molecules ( cellular respiration) Glucose Fatty acids Release energy ATP

55. Chloroplasts Derived form photosynthetic bacteria Solar energy capturing organelle

56. Photosynthesis Takes place in the chloroplast Makes cellular food – glucose

57. Endoplasmic Reticulum Types of Endoplasmic Reticulum: Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Supplemented with ribosome Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Devoid of ribosome Function of Endoplasmic Reticulum: Helps in movement of substances within the cell Network of interconnected membranes Provides skeleton/ skeleton to the cell

58. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Ribosome attached to surface Manufacture protein Not all ribosome attached to rough ER May synthesize proteins from ribosome

59. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum No attached ribosome Hollow Tubular structure Has enzymes that help in synthesizing: Carbohydrates and Lipids

60. Golgi Apparatus Involved in synthesis of plant cell wall Packaging & shipping station of cell

61. Golgi Apparatus Function 1. Molecules come in vesicles 2. Vesicles fuse with Golgi membrane 3. Molecules may be modified by Golgi

62. Golgi Apparatus Function (Continued) 4. Molecules pinched-off in separate vesicle 5. Vesicle leaves Golgi apparatus 6. Vesicles may combine with plasma membrane to secrete contents

63. Vacuoles Membrane bound storage sacs More common in plants than animals Contents Water Food wastes

64. Cilia & Flagella Cilia Short Used to move substances outside human cells Flagella Whip-like extensions Found on sperm cells Function: Provide motility

65. Structure of Cilia & Flagella Bundles of microtubules Associated with plasma membrane

66. Centrioles Pairs of micro-tubular structures Play a role in cell division

67. Lysosomes Contain digestive enzymes Functions Aid in cell renewal Break down old cell parts Digests invaders

68. Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes Similarities & differences Both surrounded by plasma membrane, but very different Prokaryotes – Archaebacteria and Eubacteria Eukaryotes – everything else

69. Evolution of Eukaryotic cell Endosymbiotic Hypothesis Similarities between bacteria, mitochondria and chloroplasts Self-reproducing by binary fission Size of organism and genome Single circular naked DNA Proportion of (G & C) to (A & T) Same sized ribosome Protein synthesis inhibited by antibiotics Enzymes for synthesis of DNA, RNA and protein Electron transport system

70. Plant & Animal Cells Similarities Both constructed from eukaryotic cells Both contain similar organelles Both surrounded by cell membrane

71. Plant & Animal Cells Differences Plants have Cell wall – provides strength & rigidity Have chloroplasts, photosynthetic Animals have Other organelle not found in plants (lysosomes formed from Golgi) Centrioles, important in cell division