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Published byAudra Evans Modified over 8 years ago
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This module covers the following orders: CHARADRIIFORMES — Shorebirds, Gulls, & Allies
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Shorebirds, gulls & allies Atlantic Puffin
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Range: worldwide Morphology/ecology: diverse group of waterbirds, or secondarily derived landbirds; long pointed wings; waders, swimmers & aerial divers Behavior: mainly ground or cliff nesters; most monogamous biparental care, but interesting diversity of mating system and parental care patterns in sandpiper family. Taxonomic notes: sandgrouse now placed in their own order *ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES — Shorebirds, Gulls, & Allies — 17 families; 360 species
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Important families: *Scolopacidae: sandpipers, phalaropes, snipe (dig for small invertebrates in mud) *Haematopodidae: oystercatchers (eat intertidal mollusks) *Recurvirostridae: avocets, stilts (small aquatic invertebrates) *Charadriidae: plovers (often terrestrial) *Laridae: gulls, terns (fish eaters, omnivores) *Stercorariidae: jaegers, skuas (predators, kleptoparasites (pirates)) *Rynchopidae: skimmers (slice water with knife-like beak to catch fish) *Alcidae: auks, puffins (swim underwater with wings to get fish)
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Family Scolopacidae: sandpipers, phalaropes, snipes Stilt Sandpiper, Canadian arctic -Small to medium sized shorebirds, distinguished from plovers by short, elevated hind toe -Forage invertebrates from the ground, often using long, thin bills -Generally found in large flocks when not breeding -most nest in Arctic tundra -Precocial young
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Baird ’ s Sandpiper, Canadian arctic
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Sanderling baby, Canadian arctic
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sandpipers in winter: social & subtle
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Male Pectoral Sandpiper courtship display
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Family Scolopacidae shows great variation in mating system. Phalaropes have role reversal (only males care for chicks) and females compete for males male Red Phalarope with chick
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Red Phalaropes, arctic: two females competing for a male (dull bird)
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White-rumped Sandpiper, Canadian arctic MATING SYSTEM = POLYGYNY
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Buff-breasted Sandpiper MATING SYSTEM = LEKKING Photo Subhankar Banerjee Photo Brian Zwiebel
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Family Haematopodidae: oystercatchers Black Oystercatcher, BC -Found mainly in rocky coasts or tidal flats -Beak especially adapted for opening bivalve shells
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Family Recurvirostridae: avocets Red-necked Avocet, Australia -Thin, tall shorebirds -Stilts have straight bills -Avocet bills curve up
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Family Charadriidae: plovers Southern Lapwing, Argentina
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American Golden Plover, Canadian arctic -Superficially similar to sandpipers -Relatively short bills -Build cryptic nests in open habitat -Precocial young also cryptic
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Family Laridae: gulls terns & skimmers Glaucous-winged Gull, B.C. -Small to medium waterbirds with diverse foraging habits. Occur in both ocean and inland habitats -Gulls particularly omnivorous -Terns are well-known as long-distance migrants
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Mew Gull Herring Gull Gull species can differ in iris and eye ring color Both photos Art Morris
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Common Tern, Quebec
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Courtship feeding in Royal Terns, Mexico
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Black Skimmer, photo Ian Parker Skimmers catch fish by trolling with knife-like lower manible in water and then snap shut when encounter a fish
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Family Stercorariidae: jaegers & skuas Long-tailed Jaeger Canadian arctic fast flying predators & kleptoparasites (steal food) breed in polar regions
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Family Alcidae: auks & puffins Pigeon Guillemot, B.C. -Highly specialized underwater hunters -“ fly ” underwater like penguins -Most nest colonially on cliff edges (notable exceptions: murrelets)
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Thick-billed Murres Canadian arctic
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Chick ready to fledge
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murre chicks jump off 1000 foot cliffs at this age. Note that secondaries (glide) but not primaries (thrust) have grown
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Convergent evolution: swimming seabirds (P & L p. 30) Charadriiformes (Dovekie) Procellariformes (Diving Petrel)
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