1. March 29, 2010 1.What is cellular respiration? 2.What is fermentation?

2. Cellular Respiration Written Equation Glucose + Oxygen  Water + Carbon Dioxide + Energy Balanced Chemical Equation C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2  6H 2 O + 6CO 2 + 36ATP Energy Transformation Takes energy of bonds in glucose and puts it into bonds of ATP (Adenosine TRIphosphate) ReactantsProducts

5. STEP 1: Glycolysis (glyco = sugar, lysis = break) In cytoplasm of cell No O 2 required – Anaerobic C 6 H 12 O 6  2 pyruvates (C 3 molecules) – AKA Pyruvic acid Use 2 ATP  2 ADP Make 4 ATP from 4 ADP OVERALL: Makes 2 ATP & 2 molecules for next step

6. STEP 1: Glycolysis NAD+ is an electron carrier, needed for step 3

7. STEP 2: Kreb’s Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) In matrix of mitochondria – jelly like stuff, similar to cytoplasm Use 2 pyruvates from glycolysis Use O 2 – aerobic Makes CO 2 Makes 2 ATP from 2 ADP OVERALL: 6 CO 2 and 2 ATP made

8. STEP 2: Kreb’s Cycle FAD is an electron carrier, needed for step 3

9. STEP 3: Electron Transport Chain In cristae of mitochondria – inner membrane Series of reactions – H+ pumped out – e- move, generate energy Makes water Uses O 2 – Aerobic Makes 34 ATP from 34 ADP OVERALL: 6 H 2 O and 34 ATP

12. ATP ATP is energy “currency” – When energy is needed, ATP gets rid of a phosphate group and becomes ADP. – Breaking the bond to remove the P results in USABLE ENERGY released. – ADP can then be reused in process of cellular respiration!

13. PHOTOSYNTHESIS Written Equation Carbon Dioxide + Water + Sunlight  Glucose + Oxygen Balanced Chemical Equation 6H 2 O + 6CO 2 + energy  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 OPPOSITE reaction of cell respiration! Energy Transformation Takes light energy and converts it to chemical energy (held in bonds of glucose!) Reactants Products

14. PHOTOSYNTHESIS Four requirements for this to occur: Carbon Dioxide Sunlight Chlorophyll (chemical in chloroplast) Water

15. STEP 1: Light Dependent Reactions In thylakoids – coin like stacks of chloroplast Light is absorbed by chlorophyll – all except green! Electron transport across thylakoid membrane 12 Water splits – Releases H+ ions for step 2 – releases O 2 (waste) Makes ATP for step 2 OVERALL: Makes H+ ions & ATP for step 2, O 2 waste

16. STEP 2: Light Independent Reactions Called Calvin Cycle Cannot occur if Step 1 doesn’t happen – Step 1 makes ATP to use as energy for this part! In stroma of chloroplast – Jelly like substance, like cytoplasm CO 2 comes in Releases 6 water Glucose made OVERALL: Makes Glucose (energy) & 6 Waters (waste)