1. Energy, organisms and Thermodynamics Chp 2

2. 1) Energy   All living organisms require energy for every life process

3. 2) Chemical energy Energy is stored in the BONDS of organic molecules as chemical energy  Carbohydrates – Easily available energy  Fats – Stored energy for future use  Proteins and nucleic acids also have energy, but it is harder to metabolize

4. 3) Free energy  When organic molecules are broken to release energy, most of the energy is lost as heat.  Free energy is the Energy that is available to do work and not lost as heat

5. 4) The WORK of cells  Building organic molecules  Breaking apart molecules  Organizing molecules into cell structures  Transporting molecules through out cell and to other cells,  Movement such as muscle contraction

6. 5) How do organisms get energy they need?  EAT other organisms  Obtain from non- livings things

7. Flow of energy

8. 6) Autotrophs – Auto/troph = Self/eat Obtain energy from non-living sources Ex. Plants get energy from sun

9. 7) Photosynthesis Photosynthesis = Light/make Process of plant converting sun energy to food energy

10. 8) Photoautotrophs – organisms that use Sunlight to make food Plants, Phytoplankton

11. 9) Chemosynthesis = chemical/make Converting of CO 2 or methane into sugars with out light Happens on bottom of ocean at mid-ocean ridge

12. 10) Chemoautotrophs Organisms that Obtain their energy from non-living chemicals Mostly bacteria

13. 11) Heterotrophs Means other/eat Organisms that must obtain their energy by eating other organisms (consumers)

14. 12) Cell respiration The chemical reactions in ALL living things that release free energy from organic compounds. (like sugar)

15. 13) Heterotrophs vs. autotrophs Autotrophs produce biological energy compounds Heterotrophs use the energy compounds from autotrophs Autotrophs also use their own energy compounds

16. 14) Energy Cycle in ecosystem Autotrophs (plants) Cell Respiration CO 2 O 2 Photosynthesis Heterotrophs (consumers) Organic Nutrients & Energy (sugars) Inorganic chemicals

17. QUESTION Why do arrows for CO 2 and O 2 go both ways from plant? Autotrophs (plants) Cell Respiration CO 2 O 2 Photosynthesis Heterotrophs (consumers) Organic Nutrients & Energy (sugars) Inorganic chemicals

18. Thermodynamics Thermo = heat Thermo = heat Dynamics = motion Dynamics = motion

19. 15) First Law of Thermodynamics = = Law of “Conservation of Energy”. = Energy can NOT be created or destroyed, but it can be changed

20. Energy transformation

21. 16) Second Law of thermodynamics = “ = “Entropy” = Systems tend to change in a way that tends to increase disorder. The Universe is becoming more disorganized

22. Entropy is a fact of Life "Now, in the second law of thermodynamics..." reproduced with permission, Copyright © by Sidney HarrisCopyright © by Sidney Harris

23. Entropy happens

24. 17) Energy is lost as HEAT at each trophic (eating) level Only 10% of energy is transferred to next level, 90% is lost Only 10% of energy is transferred to next level, 90% is lost Living things have complex organization to combat entropy Living things have complex organization to combat entropy

25. 18) Non living and dead things lose energy quickly as HEAT loss Ex. A burning Log gives off heat Ex. A burning Log gives off heat

26. 19) Metabolism – when Living things “burn” food calories BUT, metabolism occurs slowly to store some energy for later use. BUT, metabolism occurs slowly to store some energy for later use. This usable energy is called FREE ENERGY This usable energy is called FREE ENERGY

27. 20) All Organisms produces heat energy and free energy

28. 21) The form of free energy is a molecule called ATP A Tee Pee? A Tee Pee? No, No, This kind

29. 22) ATP Adenosine Tri Phosphate Adenosine Tri Phosphate The energy “currency” of living things The energy “currency” of living things

30. ATP is Currency of Cell => =>

31. 23) ATP Has 3 subunits Adenosine = Adenine + Ribose Adenosine = Adenine + Ribose (Nitrogen base) (5 carbon sugar) (Nitrogen base) (5 carbon sugar) Tri = three Tri = three Phosphate = 1 Phosphorus, 4 oxygens Phosphate = 1 Phosphorus, 4 oxygens

32. 24) ATP is made during the process of cellular respiration Occurs in the Mitochondria Occurs in the Mitochondria

33. 25) ATP’s energy is stored energy in Phosphate bonds ATP Energy is released when the high energy Phosphate bond is broken ATP Energy is released when the high energy Phosphate bond is broken ATP forms ADP by breaking off a phosphate ATP forms ADP by breaking off a phosphate ADP = Adenosine Di Phosphate ADP = Adenosine Di Phosphate

34. 26) Like your cell phone Charged Phone like ATP Charged Phone like ATP Battery low like ADP Battery low like ADP Can recharge over and over Can recharge over and over

35. 27) The free energy released from ATP can be used to do work

36. 28) Without Free energy Energy is lost as heat Energy is lost as heat