1. Life Utilizes Energy PhototrophsChemotrophs HeterotrophAutotroph Energy Life Utilizes Matter

2.  Chemical & energy transformations  Chemical energy to kinetic energy Eukaryotic flagella and cilia  Potential energy to kinetic energy Prokaryotic flagella  Electromagnetic energy to chemical energy Photosynthesis  Potential energy to kinetic energy Oxidative phosphorylation (ATP production)  Chemical energy to potential energy Active transport Enzymes

3.  Mostly proteins  Catalytic RNA has been discovered  Substrate specific  Several exceptions  Increase rate of reaction  Can not alter equilibrium  Some require cofactors  Metals and coenzymes Enzymes

6.  Informal  Degradative enzymes Add “-ase” to end of substrate name  Biosynthetic enzymes Add “synthase” or “synthetase” to product name Enzymes

8.  Oxidoreductases  Oxidation reduction reactions  Transferases  Group transfer  Hydrolases  Break bonds by insertion of a water molecule  Isomerases  Intramolecular rearrangements  Ligases  Form bonds using NTP to drive the reaction  Lyases  Addition to double bonds or removal to form double bonds Enzymes

9. Enzymes & Activation Energy

11. Life Utilizes Energy

12. Enzymes & Activation Energy

13. Cofactors  Metals  Coenzymes  Prosthetic group  Cofactors

14. Enzymes

16. Enzymes & Pathways

18. Enzyme Inhibition

20. 2 nd Law of Thermodynamics

22. Metabolism Catabolism Anabolism Dissimilative Assimilative Exergonic Endergonic Oxidative Reductive

23. Metabolism

24. ATP

30. Oxidation - Reduction

31. Life Utilizes Energy