0. Race 3 major anthropological racial groups based on skull:
Chapter 12
Race
3 major anthropological racial groups based on skull:
Caucasian—European, Middle Eastern, and Indian descent
Negroid—African and Melanesian descent
Mongoloid—Asian, Native American, and Polynesian descent
Race is difficult to determine from most skeletal remains, especially since pure races are becoming uncommon.
Melanesia and Polynesia are islands between Australia and Mexico in the Pacific
Kendall/Hunt

1. Chapter 12
Race Characteristics
Caucasoids—long, narrow nasal aperture, triangular palate, oval orbits, narrow zygomatic arches and narrow mandibles
Negroids—wide nasal aperture, rectangular palate, square orbits, and more pronounced zygomatic arches.
Long bones are longer, have less curvature and greater density
Mongoloids—more rounded nasal aperture, oval palate, rounded orbits, wide zygomatic arches and more pointed mandibles
Zygomatic arch = cheekbone
Kendall/Hunt

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Kendall/Hunt

3. Chapter 12
Kendall/Hunt

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What differences do you notice between these three skulls? Can you determine race?
Caucasoid, Negroid, Mongoloid
(Possible Short Answer Question)
Kendall/Hunt

6. Odontology Look for: Unusual features Number/types of teeth
Chapter 12
Odontology
Can ID a body by comparing their teeth to dental records
Look for:
Unusual features
Number/types of teeth
Spacing of teeth
Special dental work (bridges, false teeth, fillings, root canals)
Odontology – examination of bite marks and dental ID of corpses
Kendall/Hunt

7. Odontology and Identification
Teeth are often used for body ID because:
They’re the hardest substances in the body
They’re unique to the individual
X-rays are a good record of teeth

8. Facial Reconstruction
Chapter 12
Facial Reconstruction
Determine sex, age, and race of an individual first…
Then facial features can be built upon a skull to assist in ID
(5 mins facial reconstruction)
Erasers are used to make tissue depths at various points on the skull. Clay is used to build around these markers and facial features are molded.
Kendall/Hunt

9. Steps in Facial Reconstruction
Chapter 12
Steps in Facial Reconstruction
With a skull:
Establish age, sex, and race
Plot landmarks for tissue thickness, muscle attachment, and facial features
Mount the eyes and apply clay
Measure nose thickness/width
Cover with skin and detail the face
(Possible Short Answer Question)
Kendall/Hunt

10. More Applications Forensic experts may be called upon
to give information on the life and death
of humans and animals in unique
circumstances, including:
Mass Murder (Oklahoma bombing, plane crashes, WTC)
Earlier man (mummies, Iceman)
Historical Significance (Holocaust, uncertain death of famous people)
Prehistoric Animals (Dinosaurs)

11. Animal Facial Restoration
Determining what T Rex looked like using the bone formation
From this: To this: