1. Classification “Nuts & Bolts”

2. Get into your team REMEMBER TO TURN IN YESTERDAY’S WORKSHEET. REMEMBER TO TURN IN YESTERDAY’S WORKSHEET. You need ONE paper for your whole team You need ONE paper for your whole team On your paper write… On your paper write…Period Team Name “Nuts and Bolts” “Nuts and Bolts”

3. Get into a team On your paper write… On your paper write…Period Team Name “Nuts and Bolts” “Nuts and Bolts” TIMEKEEPER: [name] SCRIBE / ARTIST: [name] LEADER / Materials Manager: [name] SPEAKER: [name]

4. Materials Managers Come get a packet of shapes Come get a packet of shapes

5. Task 1: BAGGIES Open the baggie and remove the items Open the baggie and remove the items You have FIVE minutes – Timekeeper, Leader, be alert! You have FIVE minutes – Timekeeper, Leader, be alert! Sort them into groups Sort them into groups –It is up to your team how many groups you create –It is up to your team how you determine the traits for a given group –SCRIBE: on your team’s paper, write #1, and then write down or draw a quick list or diagram showing how your team sorted the items

6. Share Out Speakers: How did your team decide on the groups? What traits did you use to sort things out? How many groups did you create? Speakers: How did your team decide on the groups? What traits did you use to sort things out? How many groups did you create?

7. 2. Furniture List Working with your team, make a list of as many types of furniture as you can think of in the next three minutes Working with your team, make a list of as many types of furniture as you can think of in the next three minutes Timekeeper – keep an eye on the clock! Timekeeper – keep an eye on the clock! Scribe / Artist – write a list OR draw the furniture (#2) Scribe / Artist – write a list OR draw the furniture (#2) Leader – Keep your team moving on task! Leader – Keep your team moving on task! Everyone - make suggestions! Everyone - make suggestions!

8. 3. Types of Furniture Working with your team, rewrite your list into different CATEGORIES of furniture. You have 5 minutes Working with your team, rewrite your list into different CATEGORIES of furniture. You have 5 minutes Timekeeper – keep an eye on the clock! Timekeeper – keep an eye on the clock! Scribe / Artist – Re-do your list from #2 by categories, and write down (#3) what the categories are Scribe / Artist – Re-do your list from #2 by categories, and write down (#3) what the categories are Leader – Keep your team moving on task! Leader – Keep your team moving on task! Everyone - make suggestions! Everyone - make suggestions!

9. SHARE OUT 1) Turn in your paper 2) Speaker, be prepared to come up and explain your furniture groups

10. 4. What did your team notice? Timekeeper – 5 minutes: keep an eye on the clock! Timekeeper – 5 minutes: keep an eye on the clock! Leader – Keep your team moving on task! Leader – Keep your team moving on task! Everyone - make suggestions! Everyone - make suggestions! Scribe / Artist – Write down the ideas Scribe / Artist – Write down the ideas

11. Share Out….

12. Different versions, based on different criteria; furniture in different groupings Different versions, based on different criteria; furniture in different groupings Arbitrary! Arbitrary!

13. Scientific Classification Started out very arbitrary (living / nonliving) Started out very arbitrary (living / nonliving) Got more specific over time Got more specific over time Developed into “Taxonomy” – branch of science that classifies organisms according to their similarities Developed into “Taxonomy” – branch of science that classifies organisms according to their similarities

14. Linnaeus (1707-1778) (1707-1778) doctor & botanist who studied taxonomy doctor & botanist who studied taxonomy proposed modern system of biological terminology proposed modern system of biological terminology Before Evolution was recognized Before Evolution was recognized

15. Taxonomy Based on similarities Based on similarities Kingdom Kingdom –Originally only “Plants” and “Animals” –Modern Scientists added “Fungi” and “Protists”

16. Taxonomy Kingdom Kingdom Phylum Phylum Class Class Order Order Family Family Genus Genus Species Species

17. 5. What do All these animals have in common? A. Jackal B. Wolf C. Mountain Lion D. African Lion E. Tiger F. Coyote G. California Grey Fox H. Red Fox I. Cat J. Ocelot K. Cheetah

18. 5. What do All these animals have in common? All are meat eaters – CARNIVORES

19. Taxonomy of Carnivores Animals: Kingdom Animalia Animals: Kingdom Animalia All have backbones: Phylum Chordata All have backbones: Phylum Chordata All are warm-blooded, furry, and provide milk for their young: Class Mammalia All are warm-blooded, furry, and provide milk for their young: Class Mammalia All are meat-eaters, with teeth & digestive systems adapted to killing & tearing: Order: Carnivora All are meat-eaters, with teeth & digestive systems adapted to killing & tearing: Order: Carnivora

20. 6. If you wanted to split these animals into TWO groups showing relationships, how would you do it? A. Jackal B. Wolf C. Mountain Lion D. African Lion E. Tiger F. Coyote G. California Grey Fox H. Red Fox I. Cat J. Ocelot K. Cheetah

21. 6. If you wanted to split these animals into TWO groups showing relationships, how would you do it? Write down your two different categories Write down your two different categories Explain WHY you split them this way Explain WHY you split them this way Timekeeper – 5 minutes: keep an eye on the clock! Timekeeper – 5 minutes: keep an eye on the clock! Leader – Keep your team moving on task! Leader – Keep your team moving on task! Everyone - make suggestions! Everyone - make suggestions! Scribe / Artist – Write down the ideas Scribe / Artist – Write down the ideas

22. 6. If you wanted to split these animals into TWO groups showing relationships, how would you do it? A. A. B. B. C. Mountain Lion D. African Lion E. Tiger F. F. G. G. H. H. I. Cat J. Ocelot K. Cheetah

23. 6. If you wanted to split these animals into TWO groups showing relationships, how would you do it? A. Jackal B. Wolf C. C. D. D. E. E. F. Coyote G. California Grey Fox H. Red Fox I. I. J. J. K. K.

24. Family Level Family Canidae (dogs & their relatives) Family Canidae (dogs & their relatives) Family Felidae (cats & their relatives) Family Felidae (cats & their relatives)

25. 7. If you wanted to split these animals into TWO groups showing relationships, how would you do it? A. Jackal B. Wolf C. C. D. D. E. E. F. Coyote G. California Grey Fox H. Red Fox I. I. J. J. K. K.

26. 7. If you wanted to split these animals into TWO groups showing relationships, how would you do it? Write down your two different categories Write down your two different categories Explain WHY you split them this way Explain WHY you split them this way Timekeeper – 5 minutes: keep an eye on the clock! Timekeeper – 5 minutes: keep an eye on the clock! Leader – Keep your team moving on task! Leader – Keep your team moving on task! Everyone - make suggestions! Everyone - make suggestions! Scribe / Artist – Write down the ideas Scribe / Artist – Write down the ideas JackalWolf Coyote Coyote California Grey Fox Red Fox

27. The names give it away! Genus Canis: Dogs Genus Canis: Dogs Genus Vulpes: Foxes Genus Vulpes: Foxes

28. Taxonomy of Canines Kingdom Animalia Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Class Mammalia Order: Carnivora Order: Carnivora Family: Canidae Family: Canidae Genus: Canis Genus: Canis Species: Species:

29. Species… –Wolf: (Canis lupus) –Coyote: (Cans latrans) –Golden jackal (Canis aureus) –Side-striped jackal (Canis adustus) –Black-backed jackal (Canis mesomelas) –Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis) (There are more, of course)

30. 8. What does your team notice about species names? –Canis lupus –Cans latrans –Canis aureus –Canis adustus –Canis mesomelas –Canis simensis

31. 8. What does your team notice about species names? Italics (or underlined) Two words First word is the same as the Genus First word is capitalized Second word is NOT capitalized

32. Cladistics Newer than Taxonomy Newer than Taxonomy Based on Evidence of Evolution: Common Ancestors Based on Evidence of Evolution: Common Ancestors Branching Diagram showing common ancestors Branching Diagram showing common ancestors We know that many common ancestors are extinct We know that many common ancestors are extinct

33. Darwin’s Diagram

34. Only a few branches are “successful” and the rest die out Only a few branches are “successful” and the rest die out Clusters have common ancestors Clusters have common ancestors Clusters share traits Clusters share traits

35. Modern Cladistic Diagrams “Phylogenetic Trees” “Phylogenetic Trees” –Evidence from physical traits –Evidence from behavioral traits –Evidence from development –Evidence from similar proteins –Evidence from similar genes

36. Modern Cladistic Diagrams Continually being revised as new evidence is found! Continually being revised as new evidence is found!

37. Primate Angiogenin Gene

38. Primate Mitochondria

39. Based on DNA sequences

41. Things to Notice: Diagrams all branch Diagrams all branch Can be drawn vertically OR horizontally: going up OR down; left OR right Can be drawn vertically OR horizontally: going up OR down; left OR right Extinctions are shown by a line not reaching the “border” Extinctions are shown by a line not reaching the “border” Different evidence can give different results; the more evidence is collected, the more accurate the final diagram Different evidence can give different results; the more evidence is collected, the more accurate the final diagram

42. Team Assignment Use the Primate Morphology Matrix to create a cladogram (phylogenetic tree) for the 7 groups of primates Use the Primate Morphology Matrix to create a cladogram (phylogenetic tree) for the 7 groups of primates How to begin: look across each row and see which are the MOST different… How to begin: look across each row and see which are the MOST different…

43. Team Assignment #4, “dental comb” is found only in VII, so they branch off first. #4, “dental comb” is found only in VII, so they branch off first. NOTE: there may not be enough evidence in the skulls & teeth alone to separate the diagram into 7 branches! NOTE: there may not be enough evidence in the skulls & teeth alone to separate the diagram into 7 branches!