1. Corporate and Commercial Law Prepared By: Sana Riaz (0185) Saira Khalid (0201) Amna Shahid (0018) Hifza Azeem (0075) Aymen Javed (0020) Group Name :

3. The articles are the rules made by the company for the internal management of its affairs for carrying out the objects of the company

4. A document that specifies the regulations for a company's operations. The articles of association define the company's purpose and lays out how tasks are to be accomplished within the organization, including the process for appointing directors and how financial records will be handled.

5. It the case of company limited by shares, article signed by the subscribers to the memorandum may be registered In case of non-registration: If no articles are registered, table A in the first schedule applies.

6. Articles of association shall be (a) Printed, (b) Divided into paragraphs numbered consecutively, (c) Signed by each subscriber of the memorandum of association who shall add his address and description in the presence of at least one witness who must attest the signature.

7. Company can alter the articles of association by passing a special resolution in accordance with section 278 of the companies ordinance 1984.

8. A company cannot restrict or deprive of its statuary power to alter its articles of association either by a statement in the articles or by a contract that they shall not be altered. a provision depriving the company of its power to alter the article is void.

9. 1. The alteration must not be inconsistent with or go beyond the provisions of the memorandum. 2. The alteration must not provide for anything which is opposed to the provisions of the act. 3. The alteration of articles must be made in good faith for the benefit of the company as a whole. 4. The alteration must not sanction anything which is illegal

11. Articles of Association

12.  Table A is not applicable for this company.  All the members of the Company, and their representatives shall follow Article of Association  Any change will be made in Article of Association through Special resolution.  Change will be as permitted by Memorandum.

13.  “The Ordinance" means the Companies Ordinance, 1984  “Board” means a Board of the Directors  “Dividend” includes bonus shares;  “The Office” means the Registered Office It provides interpretation of the words used in whole of the article again and again It provides interpretation of the words used in whole of the article again and again.

14.  XYZ is a private company within the meaning of sub section 2(1) (28) of Companies Ordinance 1984.  No invitation shall be issued to the public.  The numbers of the members of the Company at least 2 and maximum 50.

15.  Commence business from the date of its incorporation.  Business according to the memorandum  At the place anywhere in Pakistan.

16.  Share capital of the company will be 500 million.  The shares shall be under the control of the Board of Directors.

17.  Every person whose name is entered as a member in the Register of Members shall without payment, be entitled to a certificate under the common seal of the Company specifying the shares held by several persons.  The directors may decline to register any transfer of shares to transferee.  Directors shall be bound to show any reasons for exercising their discretion subject to the provisions of Section 77 and 78 of the Ordinance.

18.  Directors may from time to time at their absolute discretion raise or borrow any sum, or sums of money for the purpose of the company from banks.  Security can be in the form of debentures.  These debentures can be issued at par, premium or discount.

19.  Directors can set aside any amount of reserve before paying the dividend on shares.  The reserves may be for:  redemption of debentures or  to meet contingencies for equalization of or  for special dividends or for rebuilding, repairing, restoring replacing, improving, maintaining or altering any of the property of the Company or  for such other purpose

20.  A General meeting, to be called annual general meeting shall be held, in accordance with the provisions of section 158.  The directors may, whenever, they think fit, call an extra ordinary general meeting as is provided by section 159 of the Ordinance.

21. 1. In case of Special Business 2. In Case of General Business

22. No business shall be transacted at any general meeting unless a quorum of members is present at that time and members having twenty-five percent of the voting power present in person or through proxy and two members personally present will be quorum of the Company’s meeting.

23. Subject to any rights or restrictions for the time being attached to any class or classes of shares, on a show of hands every member present in person shall have one vote except for election of Directors in which case, the provisions of section 178 of the Ordinance shall apply. On a poll every member shall have voting rights as laid down in section 160 of the Ordinance.

24.  number of directors  remuneration of the directors  The business of the company shall be managed by the directors, who may pay all expenses incurred in promoting and registering the company, and may exercise all such powers of the company

25. No person shall become the director of a company if he suffers from any of the disabilities or disqualifications mentioned in section 187 of the Ordinance

26. 1. The Directors may meet together for the dispatch of business, adjourn and otherwise regulate their meetings, as they think fit.. 2. The directors may elect the chairman of their meetings and determine the period for which he is to hold office

27. 1. At the first annual general meeting of the company, all the directors shall stand retired from office, and directors shall be elected in their place in accordance with section 178 of the Ordinance for a term of three years. 2. A retiring director shall be eligible for re-election.

28.  The company in general meeting may declare dividends but no dividend shall exceed the amount recommended by the directors. No dividends shall be paid otherwise than out of the profits of the Company.

29. The directors shall provide for the safe custody of the seal and the seal shall not be affixed to any instrument except by the authority of a resolution of the board of directors or by a committee of directors authorized in that behalf by the directors and the presence of at least two directors

30. 1. The directors shall cause to be kept proper books of account as required under section 230 of the Ordinance. 2. The books of account shall be kept at the registered office of the company

31. 1. Once at least in every year the accounts of the Company shall be audited 2. Auditors shall be appointed and their duties regulated in accordance with sections 252 to 255 of the Ordinance.

32. If the company is wound up, whether voluntarily or otherwise the liquidator may, with the sanction of a special resolution, divide amongst the contributories in specie or kind, the whole or any part of the assets and liabilities of the company.

33. Every director and other officer or servant of the company shall be indemnified by the company against, and it shall be the duty of the directors to pay out of the funds of the company,

34. 1. A notice may be given by the company to any member either personally or by sending it by post to him to his registered or (if he has no registered address in Pakistan) to the address, if any, within Pakistan supplied by him to the company for the giving of notices to him.

35. Whenever any difference arises between the company on the one hand and any of the membersevery such difference shall be referred to the decision of an arbitrator to be appointed by the parties in difference or if they cannot agree upon a single arbitrator to the decision of two arbitrators of whom one shall be appointed by each of the parties in difference.

36. Every director, manager, member of the committee, officer, servant, accountant or other person employed in the business of the Company, sign a declaration pledging to observe a strict secrecy respecting all transactions of the company with the customers and the state of accounts with individuals.

37.  Witness to above signatures.   ______________  Signatures   Full Name, ___________________  NIC Number,__________________  Father’s/Husband’s Name ________  Full Address___________________  Occupation____________________  [IN BLOCK LETTERS] 