1. Rhetorical Fallacies
A failure in reasoning that renders an argument invalid.
Faulty reasoning, misleading or unsound argument

2. Emotional Fallacies
False Dilemma (Either/Or): a complicated issue is misrepresented as offering only two possible alternatives, one of which is often made to seem vastly preferable to the other.

3. Slippery Slope: exaggerating the possibility that a relatively inconsequential action or choice today will have some serious adverse consequences in the future.

4. Overly Sentimental Appeals: the excessive use of tender emotions to distract readers from facts.
Text: “A dog makes your life happier. Adopt.”
Fact: Pedigree is a company that sells dog food.
Purpose: Pedigree suggests that your life would be happier with a dog, so that after you adopt, you will buy their food.

5. Ad Populum (appeal to the people): a claim or course of action is recommended on the grounds that everyone else is following it.

6. Ethical Fallacies
Ad Hominem (personal attack): attacks against the character of the person instead of his/her claim.

7. Logical Fallacies
Oversimplification: an explanation of a complex situation or problem as if it were much simpler than it is.

8. Overgeneralization: a generalization that is too broad; can often be identified by words such as all, everyone every time, anything, no one, or none.

9. Stereotyping: a dangerous type of overgeneralization in which broad statements about people are made on the basis of gender, ethnicity, race, political ideology, religious affiliation, etc.

10. Hasty Generalization: an inference drawn from insufficient evidence.

11. Post hoc ergo propter hoc: “after this, therefore because of this
Post hoc ergo propter hoc: “after this, therefore because of this.” The faulty assumption that because one event or action follows another, the first causes the second.

12. Non sequitur: “It does not follow
Non sequitur: “It does not follow.” An argument whose claims, reasons, or warrants do not connect logically; one point doesn’t follow from another

13. Straw Man: an attack on an argument that the opponent is not actually making; a misrepresentation of the opponent’s argument that makes it seems more extreme than it actually is, making it easier to refute.

14. Red Herring: an abrupt change in subject to distract an audience from potentially objectionable claims.

15. Faulty Analogy: inaccurate or inconsequential comparisons between objects or concepts.

16. Circular Reasoning (begging the question): supporting a statement by simply repeating it in different words.