1. Proposal Abstract/Specific Aims (1 page) Background (4-6 pages) Research Plan (8-10 pages) References

2. Proteins Protein Structures and Shapes Protein Functions

3. Protein Structures and Shapes Amino acids Peptide bonds  helix and  sheet Domains and Modules Classification of Families Protein Assembly

4. Protein Functions Protein Binding  Protein conformation  Antibody  Enzyme and substrate Catalytic Reaction Kinase and phosphatase GTPase, GEF, GAP Motor protein Membrane-bound protein

5. Protein binding

6. Antibody

7. Enzymes lower the activation energy to accelerate chemical reactions

8. Lysozyme actions Bending of the polysaccharide bond

9. Steps of lysozyme actions

12. Strategies of enzyme catalysis

13. Feedback inhibitions

14. Coupled regulation: Positive Regulations

15. Coupled regulation: negative Regulations

16. Coupled regulation on multiple subunits

17. Aspartate transcarbamoylase

19. Kinase and phosphatase

20. Kinase Domain

21. Kinase families

22. Cyclin-dependent Kinase (CdK): Signal integrator threonine tyrosine

23. Src Kinase

25. Multiple Inputs for Src Kinase activation

26. GTPases

27. Ras Structure: One kind of GTPases

28. Phosphorylation and GTP binding regulations

29. EF-Tu and its regulation of tRNA

30. Motor Protein Regulation Myosin on Actin and Kenesin on Microtubules

31. Membrane Protein Calcium Pump on Sarcoplasmic reticulum

33. DNA and Chromosomes

34. Chromosome in Cells DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) AGTC Human 46 chromosomes 22 homologs, x, or x/y

35. Experimental procedures demonstrating that DNA is the genetic material

36. DNA and its Building

38. DNA Pairs A-T, G-C

39. DNA Double Helix 10.4 nucleutides/turn; 3.4 nm between nucleutides

40. DNA to Protein genome

41. DNA Duplication Using itself as template

42. Cell Nucleus

43. Human Chromosome Complementary DNA with different Dyes The arrangement of the full chromosome set is called karyotype

44. Banding Pattern of human chromosomes Giemsa Staining Encoding ribosome

45. The organization of genes of a human chromosome

46. Conservation between human and mouse genomes human mouse centromere

47. Cell Cycle Chromosomes exist through the cycle

48. Chromosomes at interphase and M phase

49. Three DNA sequences

50. Nucleosomes under electron microscope Nucleosome: basic level of chromosome/chromatin organization Chromatin: protein-DNA complex Histone: DNA binding protein

51. Nucleosome Structures Histone octamer 2 H2A 2 H2B 2 H3 2 H4

52. X-ray diffraction analyses of crystals

53. Structural Organization of the Core Histones

54. The Assembly of the Core Histones

56. The bending of DNA in a nucleosome A-T riched minor groove inside and G-C riched groove outside

57. Zigzag model of the 30-nm chromatin fiber

58. Irregularities in the 30-nm fiber Flexible linker, DNA binding proteins

59. The function of Histone H1

60. The function of Histone tails

61. Chromatin Remodeling

62. Cyclic Diagram for nucleosome formation and disruption

63. Covalent Modification of core histone tails Histone acetyl transferase (HAT) Histone deacetylase (HDAC)