1. Cell Structure and Function
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Students will analyze the nature of the relationships between structures and functions in living cells.
Explain the role of cell organelles for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including the cell membrane, in maintaining homeostasis and cell reproduction.
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3. Levels of Organization
Atom
Molecule
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
System
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4. Introduction to the Cell
Cell is the smallest living unit of life
Unicellular
Multicellular
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5. Discovery of the Cell Robert Hooke (1600’s)
1st person to see a cell
Looked at a cork
Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1700’s)
1st person to see a living cell
Looked at pond water
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6. In 1838 German botanist Matthias Schleiden concluded that cells make up all parts of a PLANT.
In 1839 German zoologist Theodor Schwann claimed that ANIMALS are made of cells.

7. Cell Theory
In 1858, German physician Rudolph Virchow determined that cells come from other cells.
All living things are composed of cells
Cells are the basic unit of life
Cells come only from other cells
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8. Think Critically
How was the development of cell theory closely tied to advancements in technology?
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9. General Cell Structure
Cell membrane
Some have Cell Walls
Some bacteria, Plants
Some cells have a Nucleus
Organelles
Small organ-like parts of the cell that have a specific “job”
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10. 2 Main Types of Cells Prokaryotes – no nucleus
Example: Bacteria
No organelles except Ribosomes
Have cell membrane and some have cell wall
Eukaryotes – have a nucleus
Example: your cells
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11. Think Critically
What structural differences suggest that eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells?
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12. 4/28/2017
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13. Animal Cell
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14. Plant Cell
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15. Cell Membrane A/k/a Plasma Membrane A/k/a Phospholipid Bilayer
Job 1: Separate cell from the outside environment
Job 2: Selectively Permeable – only lets some things in and out
Fluid mosaic model
Membrane is flexible and molecules studding membrane are similar to colorful tiles with different textures and patterns
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16. Cell Membrane
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17. Nucleus Contains the DNA Control center or “Brain” of the cell
Has a membrane around it called Nuclear Membrane
It is also selectively permeable
Dark spot = Nucleolus
This is where the DNA is found
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18. Nucleus
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19. Organelles: Ribosomes
Job: Protein Factory
Where proteins are made
Small, round
Made up of 2 subunits
Some are attached to the ER
Some are free floating
Only organelle found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes
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20. Ribosomes
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21. Organelles: Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Job: Highway system
Tunnel system through the cell
Provides storage and transportation
Provides a location for the ribosomes to attach
2 types:
Rough ER (RER) – has ribosomes on it
Smooth ER (SER) – does not have ribosomes on it
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22. Endoplasmic Reticulum
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23. Think Critically
If vesicles are almost constantly pinching off from the ER to carry proteins to the Golgi apparatus, why does the ER not shrink and finally disappear?
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24. Organelles: Golgi Apparatus
Job: Post Office
Processes, packages and secretes substances made in the cell
Looks like a stack of tubes
Is actually a pinched off piece of ER
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25. Golgi Apparatus
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26. Organelles: Mitochondria
Job: Power House or Energy Plant
Where energy is made in a process called Respiration
Energy = ATP
Has an internal membrane called Cristae
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27. Mitochondria
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28. Think Critically
Would you expect skin cells to contain more or fewer mitochondria than muscle cells? Explain. If a cell were exposed to a poison that blocked the cell’s ability to manufacture ATP, what effect would that have on the cell membrane’s transport processes?
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29. Cytoskeleton Acts as the cell’s bones and muscles
Provides internal framework that determines cells shape
Made up of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules
Microfilaments are involved in cell mobility and in producing cell shape
Microtubules determine the overall shape of a cell and the distribution of organelles
Important for cell division
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30. Organelles: Cilia and Flagella
Job: Locomotion
Help the cell move
Either have one or the other, not both
Not all cells have either one
Formed from microtubules
Cilia
Short, hair like
Lots of them
Flagella
Long, tail like
Generally one long one
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31. Flagella and Cilia
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32. Organelles: Lysosomes
Job: Police, Military, Garbage Collectors
Contain digestive enzymes
Digests
Food particles
Bacteria
Worn out cell parts
Only found in Animal Cells
Suicide Sacs
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33. Lysosomes
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34. Plant Cells Plants have 3 things animal cells do not have: Cell Walls
Vacuoles
Plastids
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35. Plant Cells: Cell Wall Rigid covering around the cell membrane
Gives the plant support
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36. Cell Wall
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37. Plant Cells: Vacuoles Central Vacuole Takes up 90% of the cell
When a plant wilts (plasmolysis) it is because the water has left the central vacuole
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38. Vacuole
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39. Think Critically
You know that both vesicles and vacuoles are hollow compartments used for storage. How do they differ in function?
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40. Plant Cells: Plastids Store pigments Chloroplasts Chromoplasts
Chlorophyll = green
Chromoplasts
Carotenes = orange
Xanthophyll = yellow
Leucoplasts
Store starches
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41. Plastids
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42. Think Critically
In Chapter 2, you learned about the four categories of carbon compounds called the “molecules of life”. Explain where some of those compounds are found in a typical cell.
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