2. Plant leaf cell (SEM) (x7700) Mammalian cells (SEM) (x2500)

3. Plant cell (EM) (x4500 app.)

4. General animal cell (EM) (x5000 app.)

6. 4.2 Differences between plant and animal cells Plant CellsAnimal Cells

7. 4.2 Differences between plant and animal cells Plant CellsAnimal Cells 1 Cell wall present

8. 4.2 Differences between plant and animal cells Plant CellsAnimal Cells 1 Cell wall presentAbsent

9. 4.2 Differences between plant and animal cells Plant CellsAnimal Cells 1 Cell wall present 2 Pits & plasmodesmata in cell wall Absent

10. 4.2 Differences between plant and animal cells Plant CellsAnimal Cells 1 Cell wall present 2 Pits & plasmodesmata in cell wall Absent

11. 4.2 Differences between plant and animal cells Plant CellsAnimal Cells 1 Cell wall present 2 Pits & plasmodesmata in cell wall 3 Middle lamella present Absent A cementing layer sticking neighbouring cell walls together

12. 4.2 Differences between plant and animal cells Plant CellsAnimal Cells 1 Cell wall present 2 Pits & plasmodesmata in cell wall 3 Middle lamella present Absent

13. 4.2 Differences between plant and animal cells Plant CellsAnimal Cells 1 Cell wall present 2 Pits & plasmodesmata in cell wall 3 Middle lamella present 4 Plastids (chloroplasts & leucoplasts) present Absent Double membraned organelles in plants: chloroplast for photosynthesis, chromoplast for colouring, leucoplasts for storage (e.g. starch)

14. 4.2 Differences between plant and animal cells Plant CellsAnimal Cells 1 Cell wall present 2 Pits & plasmodesmata in cell wall 3 Middle lamella present 4 Plastids (chloroplasts & leucoplasts) present Absent

15. 4.2 Differences between plant and animal cells Plant CellsAnimal Cells 1 Cell wall present 2 Pits & plasmodesmata in cell wall 3 Middle lamella present 4 Plastids (chloroplasts & leucoplasts) present 5 Large central vacuole Absent

16. 4.2 Differences between plant and animal cells Plant CellsAnimal Cells 1 Cell wall present 2 Pits & plasmodesmata in cell wall 3 Middle lamella present 4 Plastids (chloroplasts & leucoplasts) present 5 Large central vacuole Absent Small & numerous if present

17. 4.2 Differences between plant and animal cells Plant CellsAnimal Cells 1 Cell wall present 2 Pits & plasmodesmata in cell wall 3 Middle lamella present 4 Plastids (chloroplasts & leucoplasts) present 5 Large central vacuole 6 Tonoplast present Absent Small & numerous if present

18. 4.2 Differences between plant and animal cells Plant CellsAnimal Cells 1 Cell wall present 2 Pits & plasmodesmata in cell wall 3 Middle lamella present 4 Plastids (chloroplasts & leucoplasts) present 5 Large central vacuole 6 Tonoplast present Absent Small & numerous if present Absent

19. 4.2 Differences between plant and animal cells Plant CellsAnimal Cells 1 Cell wall present 2 Pits & plasmodesmata in cell wall 3 Middle lamella present 4 Plastids (chloroplasts & leucoplasts) present 5 Large central vacuole 6 Tonoplast present 7 Peripheral cytoplasm & nucleus Absent Small & numerous if present Absent

20. 4.2 Differences between plant and animal cells Plant CellsAnimal Cells 1 Cell wall present 2 Pits & plasmodesmata in cell wall 3 Middle lamella present 4 Plastids (chloroplasts & leucoplasts) present 5 Large central vacuole 6 Tonoplast present 7 Peripheral cytoplasm & nucleus Absent Small & numerous if present Absent Both are usually centrally located

21. 4.2 Differences between plant and animal cells Plant CellsAnimal Cells 1 Cell wall present 2 Pits & plasmodesmata in cell wall 3 Middle lamella present 4 Plastids (chloroplasts & leucoplasts) present 5 Large central vacuole 6 Tonoplast present 7 Peripheral cytoplasm & nucleus 8 Centrioles absent in higher plants Absent Small & numerous if present Absent Both are usually centrally located

22. 4.2 Differences between plant and animal cells Plant CellsAnimal Cells 1 Cell wall present 2 Pits & plasmodesmata in cell wall 3 Middle lamella present 4 Plastids (chloroplasts & leucoplasts) present 5 Large central vacuole 6 Tonoplast present 7 Peripheral cytoplasm & nucleus 8 Centrioles absent in higher plants Absent Small & numerous if present Absent Both are usually centrally located Centrioles present

23. 4.2 Differences between plant and animal cells Plant CellsAnimal Cells 9 Starch grains for storage

24. 4.2 Differences between plant and animal cells Plant CellsAnimal Cells 9 Starch grains for storageGycogen for storage

25. 4.2 Differences between plant and animal cells Plant CellsAnimal Cells 9 Starch grains for storage 10 Only meristematic cells are capable of division Gycogen for storage

26. 4.2 Differences between plant and animal cells Plant CellsAnimal Cells 9 Starch grains for storage 10 Only meristematic cells are capable of division Gycogen for storage Almost all cells are capable of cell division

27. 4.2 Differences between plant and animal cells Plant CellsAnimal Cells 9 Starch grains for storage 10 Only meristematic cells are capable of division 11 Few secretions Gycogen for storage Almost all cells are capable of cell division

28. 4.2 Differences between plant and animal cells Plant CellsAnimal Cells 9 Starch grains for storage 10 Only meristematic cells are capable of division 11 Few secretions Gycogen for storage Almost all cells are capable of cell division Many secretions

29. 4.2 Cell Ultrastructure Separation of cell organelles - cell fractionation 1. Tissue cut into pieces 1. Ground in a homogenizer 2. Differential centrifugation (increasing the speed) - cell wall fragments, nuclei, chloroplasts, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, fragments, and finally ribosomes

30. 4.2.1 Cytoplasmic matrix - hyaloplasm or cytosol - a colloidal suspension of many chemicals: ions, e.g. Na +, Fe 2+ organic molecules, e.g. glucose storage material, e.g. starch - many biochemical processes occur in cytoplasm - carries out cytoplasmic streaming