1. A U.S.-Japan Workshop on the Tropical Tropopause Layer
Ground Based Observations 1. Observations of Meteorological & Constituents Fields
Fumio Hasebe, Hokkaido University
Atmospheric Observations
Radiosondes
Ozone Observations
Electrochemical Concentration Cell Ozonesonde
Water Vapor Observations
Thin Film Capacitance Relative Humidity Sensors
Chilled-Mirror Frostpoint Hygrometer
Lyman-a Hygrometer
Meteorological Interpretation
Recent Progress
Summary
October 16, 2012

2. Atmospheric Observations
Global Analysis of Meteorological Field
Hagedorn (2007);

3. Atmospheric Observations
Radiosonde Observations

4. Radiosonde
PTU + Wind Measurements
Meisei RS06G

5. Ozonesonde Electrochemical Concentration Cell (ECC)
Chemical Reactions in the KI Solution
Cathode Cell: Introduce outside air with a suction pump
2 KI + O3 + H2O  2 KOH + I2 + O2
I2 + 2 e-  2 I -
Anode Cell:
Whole Cell:
3 I -  I e-
3 I - + I2  I I-
Fuel cell using ozone
I_2: iodine
I^-: iodide
I_3^-: tri-iodide
O3  2 e-
e.g., Komhyr et al. (1995)

6. Ozonesonde Electrochemical Concentration Cell (ECC)
Onboard Measurements
Electric current between electrodes: i mA
Pumped air temperature: Tc K
Laboratory Measurements Prior to Launch
Time for the pump to suck 100 ml: t sec
Electrochemical Concentration Cell (ECC)

7. Water Vapor Observations
Humidity Sensors of Operational Radiosondes
Thin Film Capacitance Relative Humidity Sensors
Hydrophilic Polymer Layer as a Dielectric of a Capacitor
Capacitance is Proportional to
Water Amount Captured at the Polymer Structure
Ambient Water Concentration
Limitations in Cold Environment
Low Sensitivity
Phase Lag
Miloshevich et al. (2009)
Dual RS92/CFH sounding at night.
Black: measured RS92 profile
Red: after phase lag correction
Purple: CFH; forced freezing event as the gap at 2.5 km
Dashed: Ice saturation

8. Water Vapor Observations
Equilibrium Phase Transformation
A relationship between the equilibrium pressure p and temperature T of the two-phase system
キッテル, p
基礎物理学演習I, p , 351

9. Water Vapor Observations
Clausius-Clapeyron Equation
Goff-Gratch Equation

10. Water Vapor Sonde Chilled-Mirror Frostpoint Hygrometers
Onboard Measurements
Frostpoint temperature: Tfr K
Cryogenic Cooling System
NOAA Frostpoint Hygrometer (FPH)
University of Colorado Frostpoint Hygrometer (CFH)
Peltier Cooling System
Snow White Hygrometer (SW)
FineDew (under development; See poster of Sugidachi et al.)
RS80
ECC
CFH SW
13 January 2006
Biak, Indonesia
2006/1/13 Biak JPG

11. Water Vapor Sonde Cryogenic Frostpoint Hygrometer (CFH)
Onboard Measurements
Frostpoint temperature: Tfr K
Principle
Maintain constant frost on a mirror monitored by its reflectivity
Heating by electric current against cryogenic cooling
PID feedback control
Accuracy ~ 4 to 10%
Voemel et al. (2007)
2006/1/13
JPG, JPG

12. Water Vapor Sonde Raw data Interpolation to isentropes
Smoothing of Tf(p) to reduce noise
Estimation of confidence interval DTf(p) using fluctuations around mean profile
Ascent
Descent
NOAA/FPH
CU/CFH
Interpolation to isentropes
The law of propagation of errors; c(q), Dc(q)
BI032の上昇速度: K付近で3.5m/s程度、下降速度:6.4m/s
左下図のTauの値は
250hPa以下:2.
hPa:3.
hPa:6.
120-80hPa:12.
80hPa以上:8.秒(prg21bC)
Compensation for the phase delay
Response time for the frost on the mirror
t=6~12s

13. Water Vapor Sonde
Fluorescent Advanced Stratospheric Hygrometer for Balloon (FLASH-B)
Onboard Measurements
Intensity of fluorescent light:
Background Physics
H2O + hn (Lyman-a; nm)  OH*  hn (310 nm)
Lyman-α(121.6nm)
Photomultiplier
Yushkov et al.

14. Launching Operation
Student Practices of Upper Air Sounding

15. Meteorological Interpretation
2008/01/11 00UT
Hasebe et al. (2012) ACPD
Covered by S midlatitude air mass.
Intrusion from N midlatitudes ~360K
Warm/dry layer (356~364K; 15.4 ~ 16.1km)
‘Cold trap’ dehydration for a few days before arrival at Biak
350~354 K (13.1~15.2 km)
Supersaturation (< 25%)
Cirrus
‘Cobald’ BSRblue Max 12.8 (351K)
Lidar: Ice Crystal (Dp ~ 40%)

16. <Valve control cycle> <Valve control cycle>
Recent Progress
Shimizu and Hasebe (2010)
Tungsten Temperature Sonde
Ultra Thin Tungsten Wire (10 mm f)
Short Response Time (40 ms at 30 km)
High Vertical Resolution (< 1 m)
Small Radiation Correction (< 0.5 K)
Balloon-Borne CO2 Sonde
Non-Dispersed IR Absorption (l = 4.3 mm / 4.0 mm)
Shimizu et al. (2012)
<Valve control cycle>
（one cycle 160 sec.）
<Valve control cycle>
（one cycle 160 sec.） ～
GPS radio Sonde
Meisei RS-06G
Pressure ～ ～
GPS radio Sonde
Meisei RS-06G
Pressure ～
400
Humidity
400
Humidity
MHz
(A) 370 ppm std. gas 　　
GPS
MHz
(A) 370 ppm std. gas 　　
GPS
Data
Data
Valves
Control
board
Valves
(B) Ambient air
370 ppm
standard
gas
Control
Control
board
(B) Ambient air A
370 ppm
standard
gas
Control A
Sensor
Data
CO2
Sensor
Data
CO2
(C) 400 ppm std. gas 　　 B
(C) 400 ppm std. gas 　　
Ambient
air B
Lamp
Detector
Ambient
air
Lamp
Detector
400 ppm
standard
gas C
(B) Ambient air
400 ppm
standard
gas C
(B) Ambient air
Paper
Filter
Paper
Filter
(A) 370 ppm std. gas 　　
(A) 370 ppm std. gas 　　
Filter
Filter
(B) Ambient air
(B) Ambient air

17. Summary Radiosonde observations of TTL
Relatively easy-to-use and cost-efficient research tool
High-resolution data available
Long-term continuation possible
Lots of features waiting for meteorological interpretation
Provide correlative data to satellite/aircraft observations
Data quality improving, target species increasing
Collaboration required for wide spatial coverage
Stimulation of research activities in developing countries
Key science questions to be accessed by ground-based observations
How the stratospheric water is determined
How such extreme super saturation realized
How tropospheric short-lived species enter stratosphere