1. Structure and Organization of Eukaryotic cell

2. Plasma membrane
Eukaryotes resemble Prokaryotes in membrane structure and functions except for sterols
Source:

3. Cell wall Cell wall is quite simple.
In algae and plant cells, the cell wall is usually composed of cellulose.
In molds it is composed of chitin and/or cellulose.
Animal cells and protozoans lack cell walls.

4. Flagella and Motility in eukaryotes
Many eukaryotic microorganisms move by flagella and cilia
Cilia are shorter than flagella - structurally similar
Flagella are long, flexible structures move in a whiplash fashion
Both consist of 9 fused pairs of protein microtubules (tubulin) with side arms of the motor molecule dynein that originate from a centriole. These form a ring around an inner central pair of microtubules that arise from a plate near the cell surface. The arrangement of microtubules is known as a 2X9+2 arrangement. This complex of microtubules is surrounded by a sheath continuous with the cytoplasmic membrane.

5. produces projections, called pseudopodia
Source: micro.magnet.fsu.edu
cilia are more in numbers, beat in a coordinated fashion called metachronal rhythm
Amoeba and slime moulds show a movement produced by their cytoplasm, called cytoplasmic streaming
produces projections, called pseudopodia

6. Mitochondria Approximately the same size as bacteria
Number - varies in cells
The process of respiration and oxidative phosphorylation localized in mitochondria
The mitochondrial membranes lack sterols. ATP synthesized within the mitochondrion can move into the cytoplasm
Cristae - project into the mitochondrial lumen

7. enzymes involved in ATP production are located within the inner membrane
Enzymes of TCA cycle and β – oxidation are located in the matrix
Mitochondria use its DNA, ribosomes to produce some of its own proteins
Mitochondria reproduce by binary fission

8. Chloroplasts
All photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms, possess chloroplasts
structures of chloroplast reveals thylakoids
thylakoid membrane is impermeable to ions well suited for its role in protein translocation
thylakoids are stacked grana
stroma of chloroplasts contain enzymes for reduction of CO2 to organic material
outer chloroplast membrane is highly permeable
Although some bacteria are photosynthetic, do not possess chloroplasts

9. Structure of a chloroplast

10. Eukaryotic ribosomes

11. Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi bodies
The endoplasmic reticulum or ER is a maze of parallel membranous tubules and flattened sacs surrounding the nucleus that connects with the nuclear membrane and runs throughout the cytoplasm
provide a surface area for protein and lipid synthesis;
form a pathway for transporting molecules within the cell; and
provide a storage area for molecules the cell has synthesized.
Golgi
sort proteins and lipids received from the ER;
modify certain proteins and glycoproteins; and
sort and package these molecules into vesicles for transport to other parts of the cell or secretion from the cell.

13. Nuclei
Eukaryotic organisms possess a nuclear envelope contains the genetic material
envelope consists of two membranes
outer membrane carries ribosomes and forms continuous structure with the endoplasmic reticulum and cytoplasmic membrane
nuclear envelope encloses chromosomes in chromosomal proteins
called histones
DNA exists as a single linear molecule to which histones and other proteins are attached
number of chromosomes vary from a few to many hundreds

14. Structure of a nucleus
Eukaryotic cells contain much more DNA than do bacteria,
DNA is organized as multiple chromosomes located within a nucleus.
The nucleus in eukaryotic cells is separated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear envelope
The nucleus divides my mitosis , a process that ensures each daughter cell receives the same number of chromosomes as the original parent cell.
Haploid sex cells are produced from diploid cells by meiosis
Source:

15. The cytoskeleton
cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells contain network of microfilaments and microtubules
filaments contain a number of proteins including actin and myosin
Cytoskeleton maintenance of cell shape, positioning cell organelles cell motility (Spirochactes is an exception among Prokaryotes in having cytoskeleton)

16. Cytoskeleton

17. Comparison of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cell

18. Characters Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Groups where found
Bacteria, Cyanobacteria, Archaea
Algae, Fungi, Protoza, Plants and Animals
Size
1-2 by 1-4 µm or less
Greater than 5 µm
Cell wall
Made up of peptidoglycan
Made of cellulose in algae and plants, of fungal cellulose or chitin in fungi, absent in protozoan and animals
Osmotic control
Wall possesses mechanical strength necessary to counter balance turgor pressure of cytoplasm
Maintained by contractile vacuole
Plasma membrane
Does not contain sterols except in Mycoplasma
Sterol present
Plasma membrane is the only membrane
Several cell organelles also covered by membrane (Unit membrane)
Plasma membrane folded to form mesosomes.
Mesosomes are absent, but in animal cells, it is folded to form finger like microvilli.

19. Granular due to presence of ribosomes, fibrous cytoskeleton absent
Cytoplasm
Granular due to presence of ribosomes, fibrous cytoskeleton absent
Fibrillar made up of fibrous proteins which form fibrous cytoskeleton
Ribosomes
70S, freely distributed in cytoplasm
80S free as well bounded to ER. 70S in mitochondria and chloroplast.
Mitochondria
Absent
Present
Chloroplast
Absent, in cyanobacteria thylakoid vesicles present.
Present in plant cells and absent in fungi, protozoa and animal cell.
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Peroxisomes
Centrioles

20. Gas vesicles and carboxysomes
Nucleolus
Absent
Present
True vacuoles
Gas vesicles and carboxysomes
Flagella
Made up of flagellin fibrils. Flagellin sub-units arranged in a ring helically around a central core.
Made up of tubulin microtubules arranged in 9+2 formation
Pili
Cilia
Present in protozoans

21. Single, linear, double stranded, helically coiled, chromosome diploid.
Chromosome number
Usually 1
Variable, 2 to many
DNA
Circular, single chromosome, single or double stranded, helically coiled, usually haploid chromosome.
Single, linear, double stranded, helically coiled, chromosome diploid.
Extranuclear DNA
Present in bacteria (plasmid % of bacterial chromosome)
Absent except in yeasts
Histone proteins
Absent
Present
DNA position, nuclear membrane
Usually central, not surrounded by nuclear membrane
Surrounded by nuclear membrane

22. Present in some bacteria, by flagella.
Locomotion
Present in some bacteria, by flagella.
Absent in plants, algae, fungi, except in zoospores and few unicellular algae and fungi, present in animals and protozoans. (flagellated, ciliary, amieboid, gliding)
Reproduction
Simple fragmentation or binary fission, no meosis, asexual spores produced in some.
Complex, meosis present, also by fragmentation, binary fission and asexual spores in some plants. Algae and fungi and few protozoans.
Genetic recombination
Present in some but chromosomal cross over absent.
By chromosomal cross over during meiosis.