1. The literal translation is “split mind” which refers to a split from reality. A group of severe disorders characterized by the following: Schizophrenia 1 1.Disorganized and delusional thinking. 2.Disturbed perceptions. 3.Inappropriate emotions and actions.

2. 2 Schizophrenia Symptoms of Schizophrenia Positive symptoms : the presence (addition) of inappropriate behaviors (hallucinations, disorganized or delusional talking) Negative symptoms: the absence (subtraction) of appropriate behaviors (expressionless faces, rigid bodies)

3. 3 Disturbed Perceptions schizophrenia A person who suffers from schizophrenia may perceive things that are not there (hallucinations). Frequently such hallucinations are auditory, visual, and olfactory. L. Berthold, Untitled. The Prinzhorn Collection, University of Heidelberg August Natter, Witches Head. The Prinzhorn Collection, University of Heidelberg Photos of paintings by Krannert Museum, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

4. 4 Inappropriate Emotions & Actions schizophrenia A person who suffers from schizophrenia may laugh at the news of someone dying or show no emotion at all (flat affect). schizophrenia Patients with schizophrenia may continually rub an arm, rock a chair, or remain motionless for hours (catatonia).

5. 5 Schizophrenia Types of Schizophrenia Catatonic: Catatonic: Usually do not speak; have little to say; rigid, holding a position, standing or sitting, unmoving, for hours https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_s1lzxHRO4U Paranoid: Paranoid: Marked by strong feelings of persecution or suspiciousness; also can have grandiose beliefs of abilities (like superpowers) Undifferentiated: Undifferentiated: Neither catatonic nor paranoid; a “catchall” category

6. 6 Schizophrenia Onset and Development of Schizophrenia schizophrenia Nearly 1 in a 100 suffer from schizophrenia, and throughout the world over 21 million people suffer from this disease (WHO, 2012). Schizophrenia Schizophrenia strikes young people as they mature into adults. It affects men and women equally, but men suffer from it more severely than women.

7. 7 Schizophrenia Chronic and Acute Schizophrenia schizophrenia When schizophrenia is slow to develop (chronic/process) recovery is doubtful. Such people with this kind of schizophrenia usually display negative symptoms. schizophrenia When schizophrenia rapidly develops (acute/reactive) recovery is better. Such people with this kind of schizophrenia usually show positive symptoms.

8. 8 Schizophrenia Understanding Schizophrenia Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a disease of the brain exhibited by the symptoms of the mind. schizophrenia Dopamine Over-activity: Researchers found that patients who suffer from schizophrenia express higher levels of dopamine D4 receptors in the brain.

9. 9 Abnormal Brain Activity schizophrenia Brain scans show abnormal activity in the frontal cortex, thalamus, and amygdala of patients with schizophrenia. Paul Thompson and Arthur W. Toga, UCLA Laboratory of Neuro Imaging and Judith L. Rapport, National Institute of Mental Health

10. 10 Abnormal Brain Morphology schizophrenia Patients with schizophrenia may exhibit morphological changes in the brain like enlargement of fluid-filled ventricles. Both Photos: Courtesy of Daniel R. Weinberger, M.D., NIH-NIMH/ NSC

11. 11 Viral Infection Schizophrenia Schizophrenia has also been observed in individuals who contracted a viral infection (flu) during the middle of their fetal development.

12. 12 Genetic Factors schizophrenia The likelihood of an individual suffering from schizophrenia is 50% if their identical twin has the disease (Gottesman, 2001). 0 10 20 30 40 50 Identical Both parents Fraternal One parent Sibling Nephew or niece Unrelated

13. 13 Genetic Factors schizophrenia The following shows the prevalence of schizophrenia in identical twins as seen in different countries.

14. 14 Psychological Factors schizophrenia Psychological and environmental factors can trigger schizophrenia if the individual is genetically predisposed (Nicol & Gottesman, 1983). Genain Sisters The genetically identical Genain schizophrenia sisters suffer from schizophrenia. Two suffer more than others, thus there are contributing environmental factors. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rv0b1unxUpM