1. From Hunter-gatherers to Farmers

2. What do you think was the greatest discovery humans have made?

3. How early humans found food
Like hominids before them, early modern humans hunted & gathered their food
Over thousands of years, people learned to produce food by farming
Farming changed how people lived forever

4. From Old Stone Age to New Stone Age
PALEOLITHIC AGE
“Old Stone Age”
named for stone tools used
about 2 million BCE BCE
nomadic hunter-gatherers
hunted animals
gathered plants
shelter in caves
left cave paintings
NEOLITHIC AGE
“New Stone Age”
when people started farming & producing food
from 8000 BCE BCE
learning this took thousands of years
created permanent settlements
raised animals
planted crops

5. Early Neolithic Settlements
Many were in the Fertile Crescent
Why would the first settlements be there?
ex. Catal Hoyuk (Turkey), Jericho (Israel), & Jarmo (Iraq)

6. What features of a town makes it successful or desirable?
good schools
cleanliness
nice people
safety (police)
location (stores)
food/water source
housing
education
effective government
good jobs
climate
tourist attractions
good soil
taxes
crime rate

7. Early Neolithic Settlements
Farming let people do other things:
build permanent shelters
large communities
make better tools & clothes
trade for items they needed & wanted
Life was safer, more comfortable & more interesting

8. Creating a Stable Food Supply
PALEOLITHIC AGE
got food by hunting & gathering
no stable or dependable food supply
wild plants & animals scarce if people stayed too long
hunting was dangerous
NEOLITHIC AGE
discovered they could plant seeds & harvest crops
learned which seeds produced the most crops
domesticated animals (raise & use them for people’s needs)
sheep (wool, meat)
goats (milk, meat)
mules (carry loads, pull plows)
cattle (milk, meat, carry loads, pull plows)
agriculture - the growing of crops & domestication of animals for human use

9. Making Permanent Shelters
PALEOLITHIC AGE
temporary shelters
people lived in caves or tent-like structures
people were nomads
NEOLITHIC AGE
permanent shelters
needed to stay in the same place to raise crops & animals
made mud bricks, built rectangular houses
openings high in the walls
several rooms, stored food, cooking pits
Houses = protection, comfort, cook food new ways, larger communities

10. Establishing Communities
PALEOLITHIC AGE
small bands of people
NEOLITHIC AGE
towns & villages
Catal Hoyuk, Jericho
Communities could organize
divided work
farmers, built houses, made tools
Cooperation
ex. toolmakers could share work (faster, efficient)
What are the benefits to people living in a town with specialized jobs?

11. Developing New Jobs PALEOLITHIC AGE
Job: finding enough food to survive
making tools to hunt & gather
NEOLITHIC AGE
steady food supply left time for jobs
weavers
basket makers
tool makers
traders
Specialized jobs let people get better at them
Had time to create art (decorate pottery, jewelry, rooms for worship)
Inspired to improve skills

12. Beginning of Trade
PALEOLITHIC AGE
trade was rare
mostly concerned with plants, animals, & other resources
“every man for himself”
NEOLITHIC AGE
trade to get resources they didn’t have
specialized jobs needed materials that were more beautiful or stronger
traveled thousands of miles (walked, donkeys, cross deserts, sail Mediterranean)
wanted: flint, obsidian, shell ornaments, red pigments
What effect did trade have on cultures & interaction?